TABLE 3.

Quartiles of prepregnancy dietary pattern adherence scores and GDM risk¹

	Q12	Q2	Q3	Q4	P-trend
aMED
GDM/pregnancies	221/4601	321/7366	147/4134	183/5275
Model 1	1.0	0.87 (0.73, 1.03)3	0.66 (0.53, 0.82)	0.61 (0.49, 0.75)	<0.0001
Model 2	1.0	0.89 (0.74, 1.06)	0.70 (0.57, 0.88)	0.67 (0.54, 0.84)	0.0001
Model 3	1.0	0.95 (0.79, 1.14)	0.76 (0.60, 0.95)	0.76 (0.60, 0.95)	0.004
DASH
GDM/pregnancies	232/4213	220/5573	227/5806	193/5784
Model 1	1.0	0.69 (0.57, 0.83)	0.66 (0.54, 0.79)	0.52 (0.42, 0.64)	<0.0001
Model 2	1.0	0.75 (0.61, 0.90)	0.74 (0.61, 0.90)	0.61 (0.49, 0.76)	<0.0001
Model 3	1.0	0.77 (0.63, 0.93)	0.78 (0.64, 0.95)	0.66 (0.53, 0.82)	0.0005
aHEI
GDM/pregnancies	242/4661	252/5261	203/5313	175/6141
Model 1	1.0	0.86 (0.72, 1.04)	0.64 (0.53, 0.79)	0.44 (0.36, 0.54)	<0.0001
Model 2	1.0	0.90 (0.74, 1.08)	0.67 (0.55, 0.81)	0.46 (0.37, 0.57)	<0.0001
Model 3	1.0	0.96 (0.79, 1.15)	0.75 (0.61, 0.91)	0.54 (0.43, 0.68)	<0.0001

¹Model 1: adjusted for age (mo), total energy intake (kcal/d; quintiles). Model 2: adjusted as for model 1 plus gravidity (0, 1, 2, 3, and ≥4), smoking status (never, former, or current), physical activity (in MET-h/wk; quartiles), sedentary time (hours sitting at home/wk: 0–1, 2–5, 6–10, 11–20, or ≥21), parental history of type 2 diabetes (yes or no), and, for the DASH analysis only, alcohol (g/d: 0, 1–14, or ≥15). Model 3: adjusted as for model 2 plus prepregnancy BMI (in kg/m²; categorical <23, 24–25, 26–27, 28–30, 31–34, or ≥35). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate RRs and 95% CIs; chi-square test for P-trend. Higher scores indicate greater pattern adherence. aHEI, alternate Healthy Eating Index; aMED, alternate Mediterranean Diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MET-h, metabolic equivalent of task-hours; Q, quartile.

²Reference.

³RR; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).