TABLE 1.
Selected characteristics of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study by category of coffee intake in 489,706 participants (292,211 men and 197,495 women)
| Characteristic | None | ≤1 cup/wk | 1 cup/d | 2–3 cups/d | 4–5 cups/d | ≥6 cups/d |
| Participants (n) | 49,996 | 80,670 | 81,080 | 200,716 | 59,055 | 18,189 |
| Caffeinated coffee (%) | — | 41.4 | 58.2 | 68.8 | 74.6 | 78.6 |
| Decaffeinated coffee (%) | — | 50.5 | 38.4 | 28.1 | 22.2 | 18.2 |
| Tea (%) | 62.0 | 77.6 | 71.6 | 70.8 | 66.8 | 59.2 |
| Men (%) | 52.2 | 56.6 | 44.7 | 61.6 | 67.0 | 68.4 |
| Age (y) | 61.3 ± 0.021 | 61.9 ± 0.02 | 62.8 ± 0.02 | 62.2 ± 0.01 | 61.4 ± 0.02 | 60.8 ± 0.04 |
| Non-Hispanic white (%) | 89.1 | 85.8 | 88.2 | 93.7 | 95.7 | 96.1 |
| Family history of colorectal cancer (%) | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.3 |
| Currently married (%) | 64.6 | 64.2 | 67.9 | 70.8 | 71.5 | 68.7 |
| Education, college graduate (%) | 41.7 | 41.1 | 37.6 | 38.3 | 37.5 | 31.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 0.03 | 27.3 ± 0.02 | 27.1 ± 0.02 | 27.0 ± 0.01 | 27.0 ± 0.02 | 27.0 ± 0.04 |
| Diabetes (%) | 9.5 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 8.1 |
| Current smoker (%) | 6.1 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 12.2 | 22.6 | 36.9 |
| Alcohol [>3 drinks/d (%)] | 4.1 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 8.8 |
| Vigorous physical activity ≥5 times/wk (%) | 21.5 | 19.2 | 19.2 | 18.9 | 18.5 | 18.8 |
| Colorectal screening (%)23 | 42.6 | 46.0 | 45.1 | 45.1 | 42.9 | 39.8 |
| Ever used menopausal hormone therapy (%)4 | 51.4 | 53.9 | 53.6 | 54.5 | 50.7 | 44.8 |
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1790 ± 3.6 | 1746 ± 2.8 | 1767 ± 2.7 | 1839 ± 1.7 | 1985 ± 3.5 | 2175 ± 7.1 |
| Fruit (servings/1000 kcal) | 1.96 ± 0.006 | 1.96 ± 0.004 | 1.86 ± 0.004 | 1.62 ± 0.002 | 1.41 ± 0.004 | 1.24 ± 0.008 |
| Vegetables (servings/1000 kcal) | 2.31 ± 0.006 | 2.33 ± 0.004 | 2.26 ± 0.004 | 2.20 ± 0.002 | 2.12 ± 0.004 | 2.00 ± 0.008 |
| Red meat (g/1000 kcal) | 32.6 ± 0.12 | 31.9 ± 0.08 | 33.2 ± 0.07 | 35.3 ± 0.05 | 37.7 ± 0.09 | 40.0 ± 0.18 |
| Dietary calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 439 ± 0.91 | 440 ± 0.68 | 429 ± 0.64 | 428 ± 0.39 | 426 ± 0.71 | 424 ± 1.33 |
| Regular nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use (%)35 | 60.0 | 64.19 | 66.5 | 68.9 | 69.5 | 68.5 |
1
Mean ± SD (all such values).
2
Screening by endoscopy only.
3
Response from second questionnaire.
4
Women only.
5
Defined as ≥2 times/mo.