TABLE 4.
HRs for colon cancer by coffee intake stratified by selected covariates1
| Selected covariates | None | <1 cup/wk | 1 cup/d | 1–3 cups/d | 4–5 cups/d | ≥6 cups/d | P-trend | P-interaction |
| Sex2 | 0.6 | |||||||
| Men (n) | 280 | 525 | 544 | 1505 | 400 | 116 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.12) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.001 | |
| Women (n) | 211 | 270 | 343 | 672 | 170 | 36 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.16) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) | 0.64 (0.45, 0.92) | 0.1 | |
| Smoking3 | 0.5 | |||||||
| Never (n) | 254 | 288 | 311 | 575 | 102 | 14 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) | 0.61 (0.35, 1.04) | 0.4 | |
| Former (n) | 173 | 416 | 471 | 1266 | 328 | 72 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 0.75 (0.57, 0.98) | 0.004 | |
| Current (n) | 47 | 52 | 67 | 257 | 119 | 59 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) | 0.61 (0.44, 0.83) | 0.53 (0.38, 0.75) | 0.53 (0.36, 0.78) | 0.01 | |
| Diabetes4 | 0.7 | |||||||
| No diabetes (n) | 420 | 693 | 774 | 1922 | 509 | 137 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.98) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) | 0.0005 | |
| Diabetes (n) | 71 | 102 | 113 | 255 | 61 | 15 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.61, 1.12) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.17) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.15) | 0.71 (0.40, 1.25) | 0.4 | |
| BMI5 | 0.7 | |||||||
| 18.5 to <25 kg/m2 (n) | 156 | 225 | 275 | 576 | 160 | 47 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.71, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.19) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.98) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.03) | 0.02 | |
| ≥25 kg/m2 (n) | 322 | 535 | 584 | 1529 | 392 | 102 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.10) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.73 (0.59, 0.92) | 0.006 | |
| Red meat intake6 | 0.2 | |||||||
| Low (n) | 255 | 421 | 451 | 922 | 224 | 55 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.80 (0.66, 0.96) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) | 0.0006 | |
| High (n) | 236 | 374 | 436 | 1255 | 346 | 97 | — | |
| HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.06) | 0.78 (0.61, 0.99) | 0.09 |
HRs and 95% CIs were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards regression models with person-years as the underlying time metric adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic/Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan native, or unknown), education (<11 y or unknown, high school graduate, some college, or college graduate), smoking status (never, former, or current), time since quitting for former smokers, smoking dose, ever smoke a pipe or cigar, diabetes (yes or no), colorectal screening (yes or no), family history of colorectal cancer (yes or no), regular nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use (yes or no), marital status (married: yes or no), BMI (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5 to <25, 25 to <30, 30 to <35, or ≥35), frequency of vigorous physical activity (never or rarely, 1–3 times/mo, or 1–2, 3–4, or ≥5 times/wk), calories (continuous), fruit and vegetables (continuous), red meat (continuous), dietary calcium intake (continuous), alcohol (continuous), and menopausal hormone therapy in women (yes or no). P values for linear trends were calculated by using median values within quintiles. All statistical tests were 2-sided and considered significant at P < 0.05; analyses were conducted with SAS software (version 9.1.3; SAS Institute).
Models did not include sex.
Models did not include smoking variables.
Models did not include diabetes.
Models did not include BMI.
Models did not include red meat (low categorized as below the median and high categorized as above the median).