Table 2. Associations between stillbirths, maternal sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric history, 1 July 2003 to 30 September 2008.
| Antepartum stillbirths | Intrapartum stillbirths | |||
| Univariable OR (95% CI) | Multivariable* OR (95% CI) | Univariable OR (95% CI) | Multivariable* OR (95% CI) | |
| Number of visits for pregnancy care | ||||
| Any | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| None | 1.37 (1.07, 1.76) | 1.64 (1.27, 2.10) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 1.09 (0.79, 1.50) |
| P value | 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.95 | 0.62 |
| Site of delivery | ||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Private health centre | 0.83 (0.60, 1.14) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | 0.54 (0.35, 0.82) | 0.66 (0.43, 1.01) |
| Government health centre | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) | 1.07 (0.87, 1.32) |
| District or regional hospital | 2.68 (2.33, 3.08) | 2.59 (2.21, 3.03) | 2.13 (1.83, 2.50) | 2.22 (1.86, 2.64) |
| P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Highest educational level | ||||
| None | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.30) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) |
| Primary school | 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.36) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.30) |
| ≥Secondary school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| P value | 0.98 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.75 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <20 | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | 0.79 (0.59, 1.05) |
| 20–24 | 1.11 (0.93, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.41) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) |
| 25–29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 30–34 | 1.10 (0.91, 1.32) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.39) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.60) | 1.41 (1.15, 1.72) |
| 35–39 | 1.60 (1.30, 1.96) | 1.56 (1.27, 1.92) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 1.25 (0.97, 1.61) |
| ≥40 | 1.78 (1.36, 2.32) | 1.64 (1.26, 2.15) | 1.58 (1.16, 2.15) | 1.54 (1.13, 2.12) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Ethnic group | ||||
| Akan | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) |
| Pvalue | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.29 | 0.86 |
| Gravidity | ||||
| 0 | 1.93 (1.53, 2.43) | 2.84 (2.24, 3.61) | 1.28 (0.98, 1.66) | 1.91 (1.45, 2.51) |
| 1 | 1.63 (1.32, 2.03) | 1.87 (1.51, 2.32) | 1.30 (1.03, 1.64) | 1.53 (1.21, 1.94) |
| 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥3 | 1.58 (1.31, 1.92) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.61) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.00) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Previous stillbirth | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥1 | 11.59 (10.20, 13.18) | 14.12 (12.27, 16.24) | 9.02 (7.71, 10.56) | 9.97 (8.44, 11.77) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sex of infant | ||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 1.29 (1.14, 1.46) | 1.25 (1.11, 1.40) | 1.48 (1.29, 1.71) | 1.43 (1.25, 1.64) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Number of infants delivered | ||||
| 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >1 | 1.63 (1.27, 2.10) | 1.56 (1.23, 1.99) | 4.89 (3.98, 6.01) | 4.62 (3.79, 5.64) |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Analyses conducted on mothers and infants with no missing data (n = 76 129).
*
Multivariable analyses adjusted for wealth quintile, health service utilisation (number of visits for pregnancy care), maternal age, ethnic group, gravidity, previous stillbirth, number of infants delivered, sex of the infant, clustering by woman.