Table 3. Health service utilisation and quality by maternal socioeconomic status, 1 July 2003 to 30 September 2008.
| Highest (richest) | Second | Middle | Fourth | Lowest (poorest) | Total | |
| Quality of pregnancy care | ||||||
| <2 doses tetanus toxoid | 321 (6.5%) | 590 (11.0%) | 692 (11.5%) | 1144 (17.2%) | 1583 (23.5%) | 4330 (14.6%) |
| ≥2 doses tetanus toxoid | 4596 (93.5%) | 4779 (89.0%) | 5312 (88.5%) | 5516 (82.8%) | 5154 (76.5%) | 25 357 (85.4%) |
| Total | 4917 (100%) | 5369 (100%) | 6004 (100%) | 6660 (100%) | 6737 (100%) | 29 687 (100%) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)* | 1.00 | 1.88 (1.55, 2.27) | 1.90 (1.57, 2.29) | 2.77 (2.29, 3.34) | 3.47 (2.85, 4.22) | |
| P value | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Number of visits for pregnancy care | ||||||
| 0 | 75 (0.7%) | 180 (1.4%) | 397 (2.7%) | 856 (5.0%) | 2189 (11.0%) | 3697 (4.9%) |
| 1 | 164 (1.4%) | 534 (4.1%) | 813 (5.6%) | 1535 (9.0%) | 2637 (13.2%) | 5683 (7.5%) |
| 2–3 | 1083 (9.4%) | 2286 (17.4%) | 3415 (23.4%) | 5356 (31.6%) | 7155 (35.9%) | 19 295 (25.3%) |
| ≥4 | 10 201 (88.5%) | 10 148 (77.2%) | 9955 (68.3%) | 9218 (54.3%) | 7932 (39.8%) | 47 454 (62.3%) |
| Total | 11 523 (100%) | 13 148 (100%) | 14 580 (100%) | 16 965 (100%) | 19 913 (100%) | 76 129 (100%) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)** | 1.00 | 1.99 (1.46, 2.72) | 4.26 (3.18, 5.69) | 7.11 (5.36, 9.43) | 16.22 (12.19, 21.59) | |
| P value | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Site of delivery | ||||||
| Home | 923 (8.0%) | 2793 (21.3%) | 5319 (36.5%) | 9503 (56.1%) | 14463 (72.7%) | 33001 (43.3%) |
| Private health centre | 1259 (10.9%) | 1300 (9.9%) | 974 (6.7%) | 716 (4.2%) | 529 (2.7%) | 4778 (6.3%) |
| Government health centre | 2214 (19.2%) | 3428 (26.1%) | 4098 (28.1%) | 3743 (22.1%) | 2617 (13.2%) | 16100 (21.2%) |
| District or regional hospital | 7122 (61.8%) | 5618 (42.8%) | 4179 (28.7%) | 2988 (17.6%) | 2287 (11.5%) | 22194 (29.2%) |
| Total | 11518 (100%) | 13139 (100%) | 14570 (100%) | 16950 (100%) | 19896 (100%) | 76073 (100%) |
| Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)*** | 1.00 | 3.23 (2.93, 5.84) | 6.92 (5.22, 7.95) | 9.87 (6.77, 12.95) | 17.98 (11.82, 23.90) | |
| P value | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Quality of pregnancy care analyses conducted for births in which there had been at least one episode of pregnancy care and no missing data (n = 29 687).
Pregnancy care analyses conducted for births with no missing data (n = 76 129).
Site of delivery analyses conducted for births with no missing data (n = 76 073).
Odds ratio calculated for the binary outcome comparing those with adequate care (≥2 doses tetanus toxoid) to those with inadequate care (<2 doses tetanus toxoid) by wealth quintile, and adjusting for maternal age, ethnic group, gravidity, previous stillbirth, number of infants delivered, sex of the infant and for clustering by woman.
Odds ratio calculated for the binary outcome comparing those with any pregnancy care to those with no pregnancy care by wealth quintile, and adjusting for maternal age, ethnic group, gravidity, previous stillbirth, number of infants delivered, sex of the infant and for clustering by woman.
Odds ratio calculated for the binary outcome comparing those who delivered at a heath facility to those who delivered at home by wealth quintile, and adjusting for maternal age, ethnic group, gravidity, previous stillbirth, number of infants delivered, sex of the infant and for clustering by woman.