Table 1.
Characteristics of 236 Black and 1067 White Mother/Infant Pairs Enrolled in Project Viva According to Category of Second Trimester and Cord plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentration
| Second trimester plasma 25(OH)D (n=1113) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe Deficiency <25 nmol/L (n=47) |
Deficiency 25-<50 nmol/L (n=314) |
Insufficiency 50-<75 nmol/L (n=543) |
Sufficiency ≥75 nmol/L (n=229) |
|
| Mean (SD) | ||||
| Maternal age at enrollment (years) | 30.1 (6.7) | 31.9 (5.3) | 32.7 (4.5) | 33.1 (4.5) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 (7.4) | 26.2 (6.1) | 24.1 (4.5) | 23.7 (4.6) |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13.1 (6.9) | 15.5 (6.0) | 16.1 (5.0) | 15.1 (5.5) |
| Second trimester 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 20 (4) | 39 (7) | 62 (7) | 90 (15) |
| Cord plasma 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 22 (11) | 38 (14) | 51 (16) | 64 (17) |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.4 (1.6) | 39.7 (1.5) | 39.6 (1.6) | 39.6 (1.6) |
| Birthweight (kg) | 3.46 (0.68) | 3.55 (0.52) | 3.53 (0.51) | 3.51 (0.52) |
| Birthweight-for-gestational age (z-score) | 0.07 (1.17) | 0.28 (0.98) | 0.26 (0.93) | 0.24 (0.89) |
| n (column %) | ||||
| Race | ||||
| Black | 34 (72.3) | 78 (24.8) | 55 (10.1) | 19 (8.3) |
| White | 13 (27.6) | 236 (75.2) | 488 (89.9) | 210 (91.7) |
| College graduate | 19 (40.4) | 197 (62.7) | 395 (72.7) | 182 (79.5) |
| Married or cohabitating | 40 (85.1) | 284 (90.4) | 516 (95.2) | 222 (96.9) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 33 (78.6) | 196 (64.1) | 353 (66.7) | 156 (69.3) |
| Former | 4 (9.5) | 64 (20.9) | 115 (21.7) | 51 (22.7) |
| During pregnancy | 5 (11.9) | 46 (15.0) | 61 (11.5) | 18 (8.0) |
| Household income >$70,000/year | 3 (27.3) | 153 (66.8) | 340 (72.8) | 148 (74.0) |
| Primiparous | 15 (31.9) | 149 (47.5) | 267 (49.2) | 109 (47.6) |
| Female infant | 19 (40.4) | 149 (47.5) | 261 (48.1) | 118 (51.5) |
| Category of birthweight-for-gestational age | ||||
| Small-for-gestational age (<10th %ile) | 7 (14.9) | 18 (5.7) | 22 (4.1) | 6 (2.6) |
| Appropriate-for-gestational age | 34 (72.3) | 245 (78.0) | 438 (80.7) | 195 (85.2) |
| Large-for-gestational age (>90th %ile) | 6 (12.8) | 51 (16.2) | 83 (15.3) | 28 (12.2) |
| Category of cord plasma 25(OH)D (n=734) | ||||
|
<25 nmol/L (n=84) |
25-<50 nmol/L (n=337) |
50-<75nmol/L (n=261) |
≥75 nmol/L (n=52) |
|
| Mean (SD) | ||||
| Cord plasma 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 17 (4) | 39 (7) | 60 (7) | 87 (12) |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 39.5 (1.6) | 39.8 (1.6) | 39.6 (1.7) | 39.5 (1.3) |
| Birthweight-for-gestational age (z score) | 0.00 (1.05) | 0.31 (0.93) | 0.41 (0.84) | 0.23 (0.92) |
| n (Column %) | ||||
| Category of birthweight-for-gestational age | ||||
| Small-for-gestational age (<10th %ile) | 9 (10.7) | 9 (2.7) | 6 (2.3) | 1 (1.9) |
| Appropriate-for-gestational age | 64 (76.2) | 276 (81.9) | 218 (83.5) | 43 (82.7) |
| Large-for-gestational age (>90th %ile ) | 11 (13.1) | 52 (15.4) | 37 (14.2) | 8 (15.4) |
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index
a
Participants with second trimester 25(OH)D data had missing data for the following covariates: pre-pregnancy BMI n=3, pregnancy weight gain n= 11, marital status n=1, smoking n=31 and income n= 76.