Table 1.
Sample Characteristics (N = 265)
| Variable | Mean (SD) or Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (range 24 to 89) | 61.89 (12.40) |
| Male | 170 (64.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | 164 (61.9) |
| Black | 92 (34.7) |
| Other | 9 (3.4) |
| Education level | |
| Less than high school | 26 (9.8) |
| High school | 95 (35.8) |
| Business school, some college, or associate degree | 73 (27.5) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 43 (16.2) |
| Graduate degree | 28 (10.5) |
| Household income | |
| Not enough | 44 (16.6) |
| Enough | 127 (47.9) |
| More than enough | 94 (35.5) |
| Heart failure type | |
| Systolic | 183 (69.1) |
| Diastolic | 50 (18.9) |
| Mixed | 32 (12.1) |
| Ejection fraction (n = 264) | 35.25 (17.05) |
| Preserved ejection fraction (50% or greater) (n = 264) | 62 (23.5) |
| Ischemic HF | 98 (37.0) |
| Mean duration of HF in months | 74.71 (72.29) |
| New York Heart Association Class | |
| I | 12 (4.5) |
| II | 45 (17.0) |
| III | 158 (59.6) |
| IV | 50 (18.9) |
| Comorbid conditions | |
| Hypertension | 169 (63.8) |
| Diabetes | 103 (38.9) |
| CAD (history of myocardial infarction) | 98 (37.0) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 86 (32.5) |
| Renal disease | 70 (26.4) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 58 (21.9) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 54 (20.4) |
| Anemia | 49 (18.5) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 39 (14.7) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 31 (11.7) |
| Cancer | 19 (7.2) |
| Connective tissue disease | 14 (5.3) |
| Liver disease | 3 (1.1) |
| AIDS | 1 (0.4) |
Note. Data given as mean (SD) or number (%). CAD = coronary artery disease.