Typical nanomaterial formulations for imaging and therapy of cancers, their mechanism for imaging, and associated representative images. Example images reproduced with permission for liposomes and micelles (SPECT image overlaid with CT),[15] polymers and dendrimers (PET image overlaid with CT),[275] noble metals (near-IR optical imaging),[276] semiconductors (fluorescence imaging),[32] carbon nanotubes and fullerenes (photoacoustic imaging),[35] transition metal oxides (MRI),[81] metal-organic frameworks (MRI),[51] and lanthanide series (X-ray radioluminescence imaging).[57]