Table 1.

Examples of direct effector-triggered modification (DETM) and indirect effector-triggered modification (IETM).

Effector	Pathogen/host	Target	Effector activity	Reference
DETM
AvrPtoB	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	FLS2, BAK1, FEN, CERK1	E3 ubiquitin ligase	Rosebrock et al. (2007), Goehre et al. (2008),Shan et al. (2008), Gimenez-Ibanez et al. (2009)
AvrPphB	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	PBS1	Cysteine protease	Zhang et al. (2010)
AvrRpt2	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	RIN4	Cysteine protease	Mackey et al. (2002, 20003,
AvrAC	Xcc/brassicas	BIK1, RIPK	Uridylyl transferase	Feng et al. (2012)
HopAI1	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	MPK3, MPK6	Phosphate lyase	Zhang et al. (2007)
HopU1	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	GRP7	Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase	Jeong et al. (2011)
IETM
AvrB	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	RIN4	Recruits host protein kinase	Liu et al. (2011)
AvrRpm1	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	RIN4	Recruits host protein kinase	Liu et al. (2011)
HopM1	Pst/S.l. and A.t.	AtMIN7	Recruits host protein kinase	Nomura et al. (2006)
Unknown
Avr3a	P.i./S.t.	CMPG1	Stabilizes target	Bos et al. (2010)

Pathogen and host names: Pst, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000; Xcc, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris; P.i., Phytophthora infestans; S.l., Solanum lycopersicum, A.t., Arabidopsis thaliana; S.t., Solanum tuberosum.