TABLE 3.

Change in plasma total lipids by FO and PL TRT over the 6-wk intervention for all participants and grouped by ALOX5 genotype (“dd,” “d5,” and “55”)¹

Variable and TRT	All participants	“dd”	“d5”	“55”	ANOVA P values2
Adjust	GT	TRT	GT x TRT
Participants, n
All	97	24	48	25
FO	49	13	23	13
PL	48	11	25	12
Plasma total lipids, mmol/L
Cholesterol
All	−0.055 ± 0.431	−0.041 ± 0.389	−0.091 ± 0.454	−0.001 ± 0.436	−	0.64	0.091	0.85
FO	−0.137 ± 0.447	−0.125 ± 0.480	−0.198 ± 0.408	−0.041 ± 0.497	+	0.40	0.22	0.65
PL	0.028 ± 0.402	0.058 ± 0.227	0.008 ± 0.480	0.043 ± 0.375
TG
All	−0.096 ± 0.247	−0.166 ± 0.252	−0.061 ± 0.248	−0.097 ± 0.233	−	0.28	0.0033	0.46
FO	−0.181 ± 0.223*	−0.227 ± 0.267	−0.179 ± 0.185*	−0.140 ± 0.246	+	0.64	0.0067	0.048**
PL	−0.010 ± 0.242	−0.093 ± 0.224	0.046 ± 0.254	−0.050 ± 0.219
VLDL TG, mmol/L
Total
All	−0.094 ± 0.248	−0.168 ± 0.243	−0.051 ± 0.249	−0.106 ± 0.243	−	0.19	0.011	0.49
FO	−0.170 ± 0.222*	−0.222 ± 0.257	−0.157 ± 0.190	−0.141 ± 0.246	+	0.48	0.020	0.067
PL	−0.017 ± 0.252	−0.105 ± 0.221	0.047 ± 0.259	−0.068 ± 0.245
Large
All	−0.032 ± 0.119	−0.058 ± 0.145	−0.040 ± 0.090	0.008 ± 0.134	−	0.36	0.0050	0.56
FO	−0.051 ± 0.137*	−0.091 ± 0.189	−0.064 ± 0.070	0.013 ± 0.156	+	0.30	0.0052	0.19
PL	−0.013 ± 0.093	−0.019 ± 0.049	−0.018 ± 0.102	0.003 ± 0.111
Medium
All	−0.050 ± 0.185	−0.076 ± 0.198	−0.016 ± 0.191	−0.091 ± 0.150	−	0.43	0.21	0.37
FO	−0.083 ± 0.165	−0.076 ± 0.230	−0.074 ± 0.145*	−0.106 ± 0.129	+	0.61	0.18	0.022**
PL	−0.017 ± 0.199	−0.076 ± 0.164	0.036 ± 0.214	−0.075 ± 0.175
Small
All	−0.012 ± 0.062	−0.034 ± 0.062a	0.005 ± 0.055b	−0.023 ± 0.067a,b	−	0.0203	0.0001	0.97
FO	−0.036 ± 0.060*	−0.054 ± 0.058	−0.020 ± 0.049	−0.048 ± 0.075	+	0.20	0.0014	0.88
PL	0.014 ± 0.054	−0.010 ± 0.061	0.029 ± 0.050	0.004 ± 0.046
VLDL particles, nmol/L
Total
All	−5.80 ± 19.21	−12.34 ± 20.28a	−0.75 ± 17.70b	−10.52 ± 18.33a,b	−	0.012#x2020	0.0006	0.77
FO	−12.94 ± 15.38*	−16.85 ± 20.93	−8.42 ± 10.54	−17.03 ± 15.17	+	0.096	0.0030	0.28
PL	1.49 ± 20.11	−7.02 ± 19.04	7.60 ± 19.59	−3.46 ± 19.43
Large
All	−0.30 ± 1.16	−0.60 ± 1.69	−0.37 ± 0.86	0.13 ± 0.93	−	0.53	0.11	0.83
FO	−0.41 ± 1.35*	−0.92 ± 2.26	−0.40 ± 0.72	0.076 ± 0.84	+	0.28	0.049	0.33
PL	−0.18 ± 0.92	−0.22 ± 0.39	−0.35 ± 0.99	0.20 ± 1.05
Medium
All	−3.11 ± 11.40	−5.07 ± 12.49	−0.66 ± 11.18	−5.95 ± 10.05	−	0.31	0.23	0.47
FO	−5.16 ± 9.85	−5.18 ± 14.24	−4.03 ± 7.97	−7.14 ± 7.90	+	0.48	0.21	0.034**
PL	−1.02 ± 12.55	−4.94 ± 10.76	2.45 ± 12.87	−4.66 ± 12.21
Small
All	−2.39 ± 12.29	−6.67 ± 12.58a	0.95 ± 10.88b	−4.70 ± 13.23a,b	−	0.024**	< 0.0001	0.94
FO	−7.37 ± 11.87*	−10.74 ± 11.93	−3.99 ± 9.62	−9.97 ± 14.48	+	0.27	0.0012	0.81
PL	2.69 ± 10.62	−1.85 ± 12.09	5.50 ± 10.09	1.00 ± 9.22
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L
Total
All	0.00 ± 0.346	0.056 ± 0.337	−0.066 ± 0.350	0.073 ± 0.335	−	0.16	0.74	0.87
FO	−0.012 ± 0.360	0.010 ± 0.417	−0.084 ± 0.331	0.094 ± 0.348	+	0.12	0.98	0.91
PL	0.012 ± 0.335	0.111 ± 0.218	−0.049 ± 0.373	0.050 ± 0.336
Intermediate
All	−0.003 ± 0.096	−0.005 ± 0.120	−0.008 ± 0.090	0.011 ± 0.084	−	0.64	0.25	0.50
FO	−0.020 ± 0.066	−0.015 ± 0.096	−0.027 ± 0.061	−0.015 ± 0.034	+	0.29	0.57	0.25
PL	0.016 ± 0.117	0.007 ± 0.147	0.009 ± 0.109	0.038 ± 0.112
Large
All	−0.057 ± 0.419	0.023 ± 0.435	−0.157 ± 0.383	0.059 ± 0.438	−	0.056	0.28	0.78
FO	−0.096 ± 0.425	−0.063 ± 0.455	−0.193 ± 0.372	0.044 ± 0.470	+	0.14	0.52	0.76
PL	−0.018 ± 0.413	0.125 ± 0.406	−0.125 ± 0.398	0.075 ± 0.421
Small
All	0.060 ± 0.325	0.038 ± 0.313	0.100 ± 0.337	0.004 ± 0.312	−	0.42	0.15	0.93
FO	0.104 ± 0.331	0.088 ± 0.285	0.136 ± 0.357	0.065 ± 0.345	+	0.59	0.28	0.94
PL	0.014 ± 0.314	−0.022 ± 0.347	0.067 ± 0.321	−0.063 ± 0.271
LDL particles, nmol/L
Total
All	12.85 ± 172	18.85 ± 178	6.42 ± 182	19.46 ± 153	−	0.94	0.83	0.80
FO	16.22 ± 176	10.22 ± 196	5.57 ± 180	41.08 ± 161	+	0.60	0.92	0.91
PL	9.41 ± 169	29.04 ± 162	7.20 ± 187	−3.98 ± 147
Intermediate
All	−0.81 ± 29.91	−1.46 ± 37.31	−2.62 ± 28.03	3.29 ± 26.09	−	0.64	0.25	0.50
FO	−6.40 ± 20.51	−4.64 ± 29.93	−8.42 ± 18.93	−4.56 ± 10.72	+	0.29	0.57	0.25
PL	4.89 ± 36.50	2.29 ± 45.81	2.73 ± 33.89	11.79 ± 34.76
Large
All	−16.38 ± 122	6.54 ± 125	−44.65 ± 112	15.92 ± 128	−	0.068	0.29	0.75
FO	−26.91 ± 123	−19.23 ± 133	−52.46 ± 109	10.62 ± 136	+	0.18	0.53	0.78
PL	−5.62 ± 120	36.99 ± 114	−37.47 ± 117	21.67 ± 124
Small
All	30.04 ± 200	13.77 ± 197	53.69 ± 208	0.25 ± 191	−	0.48	0.28	0.89
FO	49.53 ± 199	34.10 ± 172	66.45 ± 215	35.03 ± 205	+	0.64	0.49	0.93
PL	10.14 ± 202	−10.24 ± 228	41.95 ± 205	−37.43 ± 176
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L
Total
All	0.012 ± 0.158	−0.005 ± 0.139	−0.019 ± 0.175	−0.005 ± 0.146	−	0.89	0.35	0.81
FO	−0.031 ± 0.176	−0.007 ± 0.163	−0.048 ± 0.198	−0.023 ± 0.155	+	0.99	0.52	0.93
PL	0.006 ± 0.136	−0.004 ± 0.111	0.007 ± 0.150	0.014 ± 0.139
Large
All	0.019 ± 0.157	0.021 ± 0.126	0.005 ± 0.171	0.044 ± 0.158	−	0.65	0.44	0.79
FO	0.033 ± 0.179	0.019 ± 0.158	0.020 ± 0.192	0.071 ± 0.183	+	0.81	0.22	0.39
PL	0.005 ± 0.132	0.025 ± 0.083	−0.008 ± 0.153	0.014 ± 0.127
Medium
All	−0.023 ± 0.107	−0.021 ± 0.140	−0.031 ± 0.084	−0.010 ± 0.113	−	0.62	0.53	0.37
FO	−0.022 ± 0.116	−0.023 ± 0.170	−0.020 ± 0.056	−0.025 ± 0.139	+	0.71	0.67	0.017#x2020
PL	−0.024 ± 0.098	−0.018 ± 0.104	−0.041 ± 0.104	0.006 ± 0.080
Small
All	−0.008 ± 0.103	−0.006 ± 0.116	0.006 ± 0.098	−0.039 ± 0.096	−	0.15	0.0037	0.088
FO	−0.041 ± 0.101*	−0.002 ± 0.141	−0.048 ± 0.075	−0.069 ± 0.090	+	0.093	0.0020	0.12
PL	0.025 ± 0.094	−0.010 ± 0.084	0.056 ± 0.091	−0.006 ± 0.094
HDL cholesterol, % of total cholesterol
All	0.18 ± 3.59	0.23 ± 3.85	0.40 ± 3.54	−0.30 ± 3.51	−	0.73	0.43	0.84
FO	0.45 ± 4.08	0.82 ± 4.92	0.63 ± 3.79	−0.24 ± 3.92	+	0.62	0.41	0.91
PL	−0.10 ± 3.02	−0.48 ± 2.00	0.19 ± 3.37	−0.36 ± 3.19
HDL particles, nmol/L
Total
All	−0.86 ± 3.39	−0.68 ± 3.20	−0.63 ± 3.65	−1.47 ± 3.11	−	0.62	0.0049	0.084
FO	−1.99 ± 3.54*	−0.56 ± 3.68a	−2.28 ± 3.61*a,b	−2.90 ± 3.07*b	+	0.32	0.0084	0.014#x2020
PL	0.29 ± 2.83	−0.83 ± 2.68	0.89 ± 3.02	0.080 ± 2.39
Large
All	0.19 ± 2.00	0.24 ± 2.12	0.066 ± 2.08	0.38 ± 1.81	−	0.80	0.29	0.93
FO	0.35 ± 2.23	0.32 ± 2.77	0.21 ± 2.04	0.61 ± 2.13	+	0.94	0.22	0.60
PL	0.034 ± 1.75	0.16 ± 1.03	−0.068 ± 2.14	0.13 ± 1.43
Medium
All	−0.68 ± 3.19	−0.63 ± 4.19	−0.92 ± 2.51	−0.29 ± 3.38	−	0.62	0.53	0.37
FO	−0.66 ± 3.46	−0.70 ± 5.06	−0.60 ± 1.67	−0.73 ± 4.15	+	0.71	0.67	0.017#x2020
PL	−0.71 ± 2.93	−0.54 ± 3.09	−1.21 ± 3.10	0.18 ± 2.39
Small
All	−0.37 ± 4.02	−0.30 ± 4.50	0.22 ± 3.84	−1.56 ± 3.76	−	0.21	0.0094	0.073
FO	−1.67 ± 3.94*	−0.18 ± 5.46	−1.89 ± 2.95	−2.78 ± 3.54	+	0.14	0.0038	0.068
PL	0.97 ± 3.68	−0.44 ± 3.27	2.17 ± 3.57	−0.24 ± 3.67
Mean particle diameter, nm
VLDL
All	0.40 ± 14.30	−0.092 ± 11.21	−1.32 ± 11.31	4.17 ± 20.65	−	0.38	0.72	0.38
FO	1.72 ± 16.81	2.47 ± 13.30	−2.97 ± 7.40	9.28 ± 27.35	+	0.25	1.00	0.28
PL	−0.95 ± 11.20	−3.12 ± 7.61	0.20 ± 13.97	−1.37 ± 7.07
LDL
All	−0.047 ± 0.47	−0.010 ± 0.47	−0.12 ± 0.45	0.067 ± 0.49	−	0.21	0.36	0.95
FO	−0.093 ± 0.45	−0.042 ± 0.33	−0.19 ± 0.48	0.032 ± 0.51	+	0.37	0.52	0.95
PL	0.000 ± 0.48	0.026 ± 0.61	−0.062 ± 0.42	0.11 ± 0.48
HDL
All	0.034 ± 0.17	0.037 ± 0.14	0.014 ± 0.16	0.072 ± 0.19	−	0.41	0.043	0.17
FO	0.072 ± 0.17*	0.026 ± 0.14	0.057 ± 0.18	0.14 ± 0.19	+	0.60	0.024	0.14
PL	−0.004 ± 0.15	0.049 ± 0.14	−0.026 ± 0.14	−0.007 ± 0.17

¹Values are mean ± SD. Means for a given genotype within the same group (All, FO, or PL) without a common superscript differ. *Different between treatment within the same group.

**P value was no longer significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. †P value remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Mean ± SD values are not adjusted. FO, fish oil; GLM, generalized linear model; GT, genotype; PL, placebo; TRT, treatment group.

²Statistical analysis (2-way ANOVA using a GLM) was performed without adjustment (indicated by a minus sign in the “Adjust” column) and with adjustment (indicated by a plus sign in the “Adjust” column) for body weight, baseline concentration of the fatty acid of interest (using ranked data, excepting DHA, which were normally distributed at baseline), and rank of percent compliance. The values for the 3 analyses indicate differences between TRT, among GT, or an interaction between the 2 (GT × TRT).