Table 1:
Patient's characteristics: non-DSWI vs DSWI
| Preoperative | Non-DSWI (n = 2632) | DSWI (n = 40) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age ≥70 years | 1129 (42.9%) | 22 (55.0%) | 1.62 | 0.86–3.04 | 0.14 |
| Sex (male) | 1948 (74.0%) | 30 (75.0%) | 1.053 | 0.51–2.16 | 0.52 |
| BMI ≥30 | 903 (34.3%) | 25 (62.5%) | 3.19 | 1.67–6.08 | 0.001 |
| Smoking | 478 (18.1%) | 6 (15.0%) | 0.79 | 0.33–1.90 | 0.83 |
| Alcohol consumption (male >21 unit/week, female >14 unit/week) | 598 (22.7%) | 10 (25%) | 1.13 | 0.55–2.33 | 0.70 |
| CCS 2 and 3 | 1006 (38.2%) | 23 (57.5%) | 2.18 | 1.16–4.11 | 0.021 |
| New York Heart Association classification (NYHA) 3 and 4 | 1257 (47.7%) | 23 (57.5%) | 1.48 | 0.78–2.78 | 0.26 |
| Diabetes | 578 (21.9%) | 12 (30.0%) | 1.52 | 0.77–3.01 | 0.24 |
| Hypertension | 1824 (69.3%) | 35 (87.5%) | 3.10 | 1.21–7.94 | 0.014 |
| Endocarditis | 59 (2.2%) | 0 | 0.40 | ||
| Triple CAD | 1306 (49.6%) | 26 (65%) | 1.98 | 1.01–3.62 | 0.049 |
| Left ventricle ejection fraction (<50%) | 521 (19.8%) | 9 (22.5%) | 1.176 | 0.55–2.48 | 0.68 |
| Preoperative MI | 855 (32.4%) | 22 (55.0%) | 2.54 | 1.35–4.76 | 0.004 |
| Antibiotic therapy up to operation | 247 (9.38%) | 6 (15.0%) | 1.70 | 0.70–4.09 | 0.26 |
| PVD | 370 (14.0%) | 9 (22.5%) | 1.77 | 0.83–3.75 | 0.16 |
| Renal failure | 47 (1.7%) | 1 (2.5%) | 1.41 | 0.19–10.48 | 0.51 |
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | 256 (9.7%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.75 | 0.23–2.4 | 0.44 |
| COPD | 129 (4.9%) | 2 (5.0%) | 1.02 | 0.24–4.28 | 0.59 |
| Asthma | 126 (4.7%) | 3 (7.5%) | 1.61 | 0.49–5.3 | 0.44 |
| IV nitrate infusion up to operation | 101 (3.8%) | 5 (12.5%) | 3.58 | 1.37–9.33 | 0.019 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 18 (0.6%) | 0 | 0.76 | ||
| Inotrope infusion >24 h | 15 (0.5%) | 0 | 0.79 | ||
| IABP | 122 (4.6%) | 0 | 0.25 | ||
| Perioperative | |||||
| Logistic EuroSCORE >5 | 851 (32.3%) | 17 (42.5%) | 1.54 | 0.82–2.91 | 0.17 |
| Emergency operation | 110 (4.1%) | 0 | 0.41 | ||
| LIMA harvest | 1508 (57.2%) | 21 (52.5%) | 0.63 | 0.44–1.54 | 0.32 |
| BIMA harvest | 156 (5.9%) | 11 (27.5%) | 6.02 | 2.9–12.2 | 0.001 |
| Valve operation | 1008 (38.3%) | 12 (30.0%) | 0.69 | 0.35–1.36 | 0.18 |
| Redo-sternotomy | 64 (2.4%) | 2 (5.0%) | 2.11 | 0.49–8.94 | 0.26 |
| Operation time (incision to closure) >270 min | 247 (9.3%) | 8 (20.0%) | 2.41 | 1.10–5.29 | 0.049 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass | 1888 (71.6%) | 24 (60.0%) | 0.59 | 0.31–1.11 | 0.11 |
| Sternal wires ≤8 | 1708 (64.9%) | 39 (97.5%) | 21.09 | 2.89–153.8 | <0.0001 |
| Heavy sternal wires (gauge 7) | 497 (18.8%) | 6 (18.0%) | 0.75 | 0.31–1.81 | 0.68 |
| Figure-of-eight sternal wiring | 134 (5.0%) | 2 (5.0%) | 0.98 | 0.23–4.11 | 0.97 |
| Postoperative | |||||
| Blood transfusion | 1017 (38.6%) | 20 (50.0%) | 1.58 | 0.85–2.96 | 0.14 |
| Low cardiac output syndrome | 37 (1.4%) | 3 (7.5%) | 5.68 | 1.67–19.27 | 0.021 |
| IABP | 170 (6.4%) | 7 (17.5%) | 3.07 | 1.33–7.04 | 0.014 |
| Inotrope infusion >24 h | 468 | 22 | 5.65 | 3.00–10.62 | <0.0001 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 43 (1.6%) | 3 (7.5%) | 4.88 | 1.44–16.44 | 0.030 |
| CVA | 34 (1.3%) | 2 (5.0%) | 4.02 | 0.93–17.34 | 0.10 |
| Delirium | 301 (11.4%) | 5 (12.5%) | 1.10 | 0.43–2.84 | 0.80 |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 507 (19.3%) | 15 (37.5%) | 2.50 | 1.31–4.78 | 0.008 |
| Respiratory failure (hypoxia) | 101 (3.8%) | 16 (40.0%) | 16.70 | 8.60–32.42 | <0.0001 |
| Mechanical ventilation >24 h | 307 (11.6%) | 19 (47.5%) | 6.85 | 3.64–12.89 | 0.001 |
| AF (atrial fibrilation) | 640 (24.3%) | 10 (25.0%) | 1.03 | 0.50–2.13 | 0.85 |
| Acute renal failure | 78 (2.9%) | 2 (5.0%) | 1.72 | 0.40–7.27 | 0.33 |
| SSWI | 156 (5.9%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.40 | 0.56–2.98 | 0.73 |
| Re-opening | 138 (5.2%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.46 | 0.06–3.39 | 0.72 |
| Sepsis | 30 (1.1%) | 6 (15.0%) | 15.30 | 5.98–39.16 | 0.001 |
| Mortality (during follow-up) | 65 (2.4%) | 8 (20.0%) | 9.87 | 4.37–22.25 | <0.0001 |