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. 2012 Jul 16;7(7):e40063. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040063

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Wolff et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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(a) Schematic of the oscillatory driving protocol (the strain amplitude is increased in steps after every 30 cycles, driving frequency Hz). (b) Measured reduced nonlinear modulus (peak stress over peak strain) as a function of the cycle number . The shaded background indicates the monotonic increase of the strain amplitude (indicated in percent). Note that the modulus responds nonmonotonically to both transient and stationary loading, hinting at antagonistic mechanisms with multiple time scales. Inset: Theory curve from the i Gwlc model [25] reproducing the key features, transient and stationary stiffening and softening with the parameters from Fig. 1 (see also Methods and Fig. E in Supporting Information S1).

Inline graphic — (a) Schematic of the oscillatory driving protocol (the strain amplitude is increased in steps after every 30 cycles, driving frequency Hz). (b) Measured reduced nonlinear modulus (peak stress over peak strain) as a function of the cycle number . The shaded background indicates the monotonic increase of the strain amplitude (indicated in percent). Note that the modulus responds nonmonotonically to both transient and stationary loading, hinting at antagonistic mechanisms with multiple time scales. Inset: Theory curve from the i Gwlc model [25] reproducing the key features, transient and stationary stiffening and softening with the parameters from Fig. 1 (see also Methods and Fig. E in Supporting Information S1).