Table 3. Comparisons of body size in girls after adjusting for confounders among 4 dioxin groups.
| Percentile of PCDDs/Fs-TEQ (pg/gfat) | <25 | 25–50 | 50–75 | ≥75 | |||||||||
| Number of subjects | 22 | 16 | 24 | 28 | |||||||||
| Infant age | Parameter | Unit | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | p | Mean | SE | p | Mean | SE | p |
| At birth | Weight | abs. value (g) | 3176.1 | 65.6 | 3257.1 | 70.9 | 3025.1 | 59.4 | c | 3270.6 | 55.6 | f | |
| age adj. Z | −0.204 | 0.149 | −0.024 | 0.161 | −0.535 | 0.135 | c | 0.020 | 0.126 | f | |||
| Length | abs. value (cm) | 49.5 | 0.33 | 49.4 | 0.35 | 49.0 | 0.30 | 49.7 | 0.28 | ||||
| age adj. Z | 0.281 | 0.174 | 0.245 | 0.188 | 0.051 | 0.157 | 0.435 | 0.160 | |||||
| Head | abs. value (cm) | 32.6 | 0.29 | 33.2 | 0.32 | 33.1 | 0.27 | 33.9 | 0.25 | b,e | |||
| age adj. Z | −1.106 | 0.247 | −0.638 | 0.267 | −0.641 | 0.224 | −0.032 | 0.209 | b,e | ||||
| BMI | abs. value | 12.9 | 0.24 | 13.3 | 0.26 | 12.6 | 0.22 | c | 13.2 | 0.20 | e | ||
| age adj. Z | −0.384 | 0.205 | −0.084 | 0.221 | −0.690 | 0.185 | c | −0.172 | 0.173 | e | |||
| Abdominal | abs. value (cm) | 31.7 | 0.36 | 31.7 | 0.39 | 31.1 | 0.32 | 32.6 | 0.30 | f | |||
| Head/Length | abs. value | 0.658 | 0.006 | 0.671 | 0.007 | 0.676 | 0.006 | 0.681 | 0.005 | a | |||
| 1 month | Weight | abs. value (g) | 4217.0 | 79.5 | 4255.7 | 85.7 | 3979.8 | 71.6 | a,c | 4125.5 | 68.7 | ||
| age adj. Z | 0.162 | 0.146 | 0.226 | 0.157 | −0.275 | 0.131 | a,c | −0.008 | 0.126 | ||||
| Length | abs. value (cm) | 55.0 | 0.55 | 55.8 | 0.59 | 54.6 | 0.50 | 55.1 | 0.48 | ||||
| age adj. Z | 1.077 | 0.286 | 1.498 | 0.308 | 0.857 | 0.258 | 1.157 | 0.247 | |||||
| Head | abs. value (cm) | 36.2 | 0.30 | 36.9 | 0.32 | 36.3 | 0.27 | 36.5 | 0.26 | ||||
| age adj. Z | 0.345 | 0.249 | 0.886 | 0.269 | 0.460 | 0.225 | 0.606 | 0.215 | |||||
| BMI | abs. value | 13.9 | 0.29 | 13.7 | 0.31 | 13.4 | 0.26 | 13.5 | 0.25 | ||||
| age adj. Z | −0.381 | 0.220 | −0.555 | 0.237 | −0.796 | 0.198 | −0.666 | 0.190 | |||||
| Abdominal | abs. value (cm) | 36.7 | 0.48 | 37.3 | 0.51 | 36.7 | 0.43 | 37.1 | 0.41 | ||||
| Head/Length | abs. value | 0.660 | 0.007 | 0.662 | 0.007 | 0.667 | 0.006 | 0.663 | 0.006 | ||||
| 4 months | Weight | abs. value (g) | 6310.6 | 146.7 | 6362.1 | 151.3 | 6215.3 | 128.3 | 6338.7 | 120.5 | |||
| age adj. Z | −0.292 | 0.191 | −0.184 | 0.206 | −0.338 | 0.173 | −0.212 | 0.162 | |||||
| Length | abs. value (cm) | 63.2 | 0.43 | 63.6 | 0.45 | 62.7 | 0.38 | 62.6 | 0.36 | ||||
| age adj. Z | 0.491 | 0.211 | 0.646 | 0.228 | 0.203 | 0.191 | 0.171 | 0.179 | |||||
| Head | abs. value (cm) | 40.6 | 0.29 | 40.6 | 0.29 | 40.5 | 0.25 | 40.5 | 0.23 | ||||
| age adj. Z | −0.326 | 0.237 | −0.253 | 0.255 | −0.371 | 0.214 | −0.362 | 0.200 | |||||
| BMI | abs. value | 15.8 | 0.31 | 15.7 | 0.32 | 15.8 | 0.27 | 16.1 | 0.25 | ||||
| age adj. Z | −0.682 | 0.199 | −0.683 | 0.215 | −0.570 | 0.180 | −0.336 | 0.168 | |||||
| Abdominal | abs. value (cm) | 40.8 | 0.57 | 40.5 | 0.59 | 40.9 | 0.50 | 41.0 | 0.47 | ||||
| Head/Length | abs. value | 0.643 | 0.005 | 0.639 | 0.005 | 0.646 | 0.004 | 0.647 | 0.004 | ||||
a: p<0.05, b: p<0.01 as compared with <25 percentile group, c: p<0.05, d: p<0.01 as compared with 25–50 percentile group, e: p<0.05, f: p<0.01 as compared with 50–75 percentile group.
Mean: adjusted mean, SE: standard error, p: p-value, abs. value: absolute value, age adj. Z: age adjusted z score.
Confounders for measurements of body size: parity (primipara or not), maternal age, weight, educational period (years), alcohol drinking during pregnancy (yes/no), family income, family smoking (yes/no), gestational weeks, infant age (days) on the day of each examination, and location difference (TK or ST hospital).
Confounders for z scores of body size: parity (primipara or not), maternal age, weight, educational period (years), alcohol drinking during pregnancy (yes/no), family income, family smoking (yes/no), gestational weeks, and location difference (TK or ST hospital).
Note: Body size at 1 month was missing for 1 girl.