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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Nov 24.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2012 May 16;485(7399):459–464. doi: 10.1038/nature11088
where: n is the number of elements of the matrices, that is, n = (N2−N)/2
N is the number of common organisms
Riare the elements of the first distance matrix
Si is the corresponding value for the second matrix
R and S are the mean values of Ri and Sirespectively.