Table I.
Characteristics, outcomes and exposures of the combined and individual cohorts.
| Combined Cohorts (N = 2808) | PRIDE-P (N = 178) | Pink and Blue (N = 2630) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic/Outcome/Exposure | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | P value |
| Preterm birth | 249 (9) | 27 (15) | 222 (8) | 0.004 |
| Small for Gestational Age (SGA) | 242 (9) | 25 (15) | 217 (8) | 0.0063 |
| Marital status | <0.0001 | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 2363 (85) | 63 (35) | 2300 (87) | |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 74 (3) | 10 (6) | 64 (2) | |
| Never married | 371 (13) | 105 (59) | 266 (10) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||
| White | 1990 (71) | 41 (23) | 1949 (74) | |
| Black | 280 (10) | 94 (53) | 186 (7) | |
| Hispanic | 415 (15) | 39 (22) | 376 (14) | |
| Other | 122 (4) | 3 (2) | 119 (5) | |
| Smoked in pregnancy | 493 (18) | 123 (69) | 370 (14) | <0.0001 |
| Passive smoking | 608 (22) | 117 (66) | 491 (19) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol use in pregnancy | 1336 (48) | 96 (54) | 1240 (47) | 0.09 |
| Alcohol abuse in pregnancy | 334 (12) | 40 (22) | 294 (11) | <0.0001 |
| Marijuana use in pregnancy | 197 (7) | 90 (51) | 107 (4) | <0.0001 |
| Cocaine use in pregnancy | 38 (1) | 29 (16) | 9 (<1) | <0.0001 |
| Opiates use in pregnancy | 40 (1) | 18 (10) | 22 (1) | <0.0001 |
| Other drug use in pregnancy | 24 (1) | 19 (11) | 5 (<1) | <0.0001 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age | 30.62 (5.91) | 25.03 (5.86) | 30.99 (5.72) | <0.0001 |
| Education (years) | 15.12 (2.85) | 11.86 (1.67) | 15.34 (2.78) | <0.0001 |
| Gravidity* | 2.58 (1.62) | 3.19 (2.66) | 2.54 (1.52) | 0.01 |
| Parity** | 0.87 (0.98) | 1.14 (1.40) | 0.85 (0.94) | 0.07 |
| BMI | 26.05 (6.41) | 28.15 (8.32) | 25.91 (6.23) | 0.001 |
| Number of daily cigarettes | 0.77 (2.56) | 3.10 (4.62) | 0.61 (2.27) | <0.0001 |
| Number of drugs used in pregnancy | 0.40 (0.76) | 1.79 (1.13) | 0.31 (0.62) | <0.0001 |
*
Gravidity: Total number of times a woman has been pregnant.
**
Parity: Number of live births.