Table 1.
Comparison of levels of intracellular (P. falciparum-specific) and plasma cytokines and chemokines between IPTi treatment groups for each cross-sectional visit.
| Unadjusted geometric mean | Unadjusted linear regression* | Adjusted linear regression*,† | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo | SP | P value‡ | P value | P value | |||||||
| Cytokines and chemokines | Age (months) | GM | 95% CI | GM | 95% CI | Proportional difference§ | Proportional difference | ||||
| Intracellular (% producing lymphocytes) | IFN-γ | 5 | 0.17 | 0.13 - 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.10 - 0.18 | 0.210 | 0.77 | 0.207 | 0.80 | 0.293 |
| 9 | 0.05 | 0.04 - 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 - 0.07 | 0.994 | 1.00 | 0.994 | 1.01 | 0.965 | ||
| 12 | 0.07 | 0.05 - 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 - 0.08 | 0.348 | 0.75 | 0.344 | 0.76 | 0.363 | ||
| 24 | 0.05 | 0.04 - 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.03 - 0.06 | 0.395 | 0.80 | 0.391 | 0.82 | 0.433 | ||
| IL-4 | 5 | 0.96 | 0.81 - 1.12 | 0.94 | 0.80 - 1.10 | 0.864 | 0.98 | 0.863 | 1.00 | 0.995 | |
| 9 | 0.87 | 0.77 - 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.71 - 0.95 | 0.544 | 0.94 | 0.542 | 0.94 | 0.546 | ||
| 12 | 0.80 | 0.64 - 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.71 - 1.17 | 0.427 | 1.14 | 0.422 | 1.13 | 0.453 | ||
| 24 | 0.86 | 0.70 - 1.04 | 0.82 | 0.65 - 1.04 | 0.814 | 0.96 | 0.812 | 0.97 | 0.848 | ||
| IL-10 | 5 | 0.37 | 0.30 - 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.31 - 0.43 | 0.933 | 0.99 | 0.933 | 1.01 | 0.922 | |
| 9 | 0.15 | 0.12 - 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.15 - 0.21 | 0.285 | 1.16 | 0.282 | 1.15 | 0.294 | ||
| 12 | 0.23 | 0.17 - 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.17 - 0.31 | 0.886 | 0.97 | 0.885 | 0.96 | 0.852 | ||
| 24 | 0.32 | 0.25 - 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.27 - 0.45 | 0.667 | 1.08 | 0.664 | 1.07 | 0.695 | ||
| Plasma (pg/ml) | IL-2 | 5 | 16.17 | 12.31 - 21.24 | 17.25 | 13.04 - 22.82 | 0.742 | 1.07 | 0.741 | 1.12 | 0.569 |
| 9 | 12.99 | 9.48 - 17.79 | 12.17 | 9.35 - 15.83 | 0.752 | 0.94 | 0.750 | 0.93 | 0.742 | ||
| 12 | 8.56 | 6.34 - 11.56 | 7.17 | 5.22 - 9.86 | 0.424 | 0.84 | 0.422 | 0.84 | 0.438 | ||
| 24 | 7.09 | 5.08 - 9.90 | 5.36 | 3.83 - 7.49 | 0.241 | 0.76 | 0.237 | 0.76 | 0.254 | ||
| IL-12 | 5 | 2.36 | 1.80 - 3.10 | 1.87 | 1.34 - 2.61 | 0.280 | 0.79 | 0.277 | 0.79 | 0.284 | |
| 9 | 2.37 | 1.74 - 3.22 | 1.54 | 1.21 - 1.96 | 0.030 | 0.65 | 0.030 | 0.66 | 0.030 | ||
| 12 | 1.43 | 1.14 - 1.78 | 1.31 | 1.08 - 1.58 | 0.550 | 0.92 | 0.548 | 0.93 | 0.596 | ||
| 24 | 2.35 | 1.83 - 3.01 | 2.22 | 1.74 - 2.83 | 0.747 | 0.95 | 0.745 | 0.97 | 0.844 | ||
| IFN-γ | 5 | 156.50 | 105.27-232.66 | 147.8 | 98.96 - 220.93 | 0.842 | 0.94 | 0.841 | 0.97 | 0.928 | |
| 9 | 145.93 | 93.78 - 227.08 | 115.0 | 75.84 - 174.44 | 0.437 | 0.79 | 0.435 | 0.79 | 0.434 | ||
| 12 | 77.61 | 51.44 - 117.10 | 55.47 | 35.17 - 87.47 | 0.280 | 0.71 | 0.278 | 0.71 | 0.267 | ||
| 24 | 128.29 | 85.71 - 192.03 | 79.89 | 51.45 - 124.06 | 0.116 | 0.62 | 0.113 | 0.62 | 0.106 | ||
| IL-1β | 5 | 35.03 | 25.11 - 48.87 | 41.15 | 28.66 - 59.09 | 0.516 | 1.17 | 0.514 | 1.16 | 0.547 | |
| 9 | 11.61 | 8.50 - 15.86 | 11.45 | 8.46 - 15.50 | 0.950 | 0.99 | 0.950 | 0.99 | 0.957 | ||
| 12 | 13.53 | 9.70 - 18.86 | 13.98 | 10.54 - 18.55 | 0.880 | 1.03 | 0.879 | 1.04 | 0.869 | ||
| 24 | 20.05 | 13.99 - 28.73 | 17.64 | 12.12 - 25.69 | 0.625 | 0.88 | 0.622 | 0.86 | 0.566 | ||
| IL-6 | 5 | 99.22 | 72.21 - 136.34 | 127.6 | 97.52 - 166.95 | 0.231 | 1.29 | 0.228 | 1.27 | 0.254 | |
| 9 | 59.24 | 43.36 - 80.95 | 56.47 | 41.93 - 76.05 | 0.825 | 0.95 | 0.824 | 0.95 | 0.810 | ||
| 12 | 76.28 | 54.51 - 106.75 | 70.96 | 51.65 - 97.48 | 0.756 | 0.93 | 0.755 | 0.93 | 0.772 | ||
| 24 | 82.64 | 55.45 - 123.14 | 80.68 | 54.88 - 118.62 | 0.931 | 0.98 | 0.931 | 0.97 | 0.907 | ||
| TNF | 5 | 53.64 | 38.35 - 75.02 | 54.50 | 40.40 - 73.51 | 0.944 | 1.02 | 0.943 | 1.00 | 0.991 | |
| 9 | 31.91 | 22.10 - 46.06 | 27.30 | 19.11 - 39.00 | 0.546 | 0.86 | 0.544 | 0.85 | 0.534 | ||
| 12 | 21.72 | 15.16 - 31.12 | 20.49 | 14.29 - 29.37 | 0.820 | 0.94 | 0.819 | 0.95 | 0.832 | ||
| 24 | 12.36 | 7.72 - 19.81 | 9.86 | 6.58 - 14.76 | 0.468 | 0.80 | 0.464 | 0.78 | 0.430 | ||
| IL-4 | 5 | 3.95 | 2.83 - 5.52 | 5.64 | 4.18 - 7.62 | 0.117 | 1.43 | 0.115 | 1.49 | 0.078 | |
| 9 | 2.96 | 1.99 - 4.39 | 3.64 | 2.69 - 4.93 | 0.403 | 1.23 | 0.401 | 1.23 | 0.406 | ||
| 12 | 2.49 | 1.81 - 3.44 | 2.65 | 1.93 - 3.64 | 0.785 | 1.06 | 0.783 | 1.08 | 0.747 | ||
| 24 | 1.41 | 0.98 - 2.04 | 1.44 | 1.09 - 1.90 | 0.939 | 1.02 | 0.938 | 1.01 | 0.972 | ||
| IL-5 | 5 | 2.65 | 2.14 - 3.28 | 2.66 | 2.16 - 3.29 | 0.966 | 1.01 | 0.966 | 1.03 | 0.833 | |
| 9 | 2.57 | 1.97 - 3.35 | 2.16 | 1.73 - 2.69 | 0.310 | 0.84 | 0.307 | 0.84 | 0.313 | ||
| 12 | 2.05 | 1.68 - 2.50 | 1.62 | 1.32 - 2.00 | 0.109 | 0.79 | 0.106 | 0.80 | 0.116 | ||
| 24 | 2.15 | 1.87 - 2.46 | 1.97 | 1.75 - 2.22 | 0.349 | 0.92 | 0.346 | 0.92 | 0.351 | ||
| IL-13 | 5 | 0.81 | 0.66 - 0.99 | 0.78 | 0.61 - 0.99 | 0.811 | 0.96 | 0.810 | 0.97 | 0.858 | |
| 9 | 0.71 | 0.54 - 0.92 | 0.57 | 0.46 - 0.71 | 0.212 | 0.81 | 0.209 | 0.81 | 0.213 | ||
| 12 | 0.56 | 0.45 - 0.69 | 0.41 | 0.32 - 0.52 | 0.052 | 0.73 | 0.050 | 0.74 | 0.068 | ||
| 24 | 1.36 | 1.11 - 1.67 | 1.36 | 1.11 - 1.67 | 0.993 | 1.00 | 0.993 | 1.01 | 0.930 | ||
| IL-10 | 5 | 3.77 | 3.01 - 4.72 | 4.20 | 3.32 - 5.32 | 0.510 | 1.11 | 0.508 | 1.14 | 0.431 | |
| 9 | 3.94 | 3.00 - 5.16 | 3.56 | 2.94 - 4.30 | 0.540 | 0.90 | 0.538 | 0.89 | 0.483 | ||
| 12 | 2.74 | 2.21 - 3.40 | 2.45 | 1.99 - 3.01 | 0.451 | 0.89 | 0.449 | 0.91 | 0.536 | ||
| 24 | 2.53 | 2.00 - 3.19 | 2.40 | 1.80 - 3.20 | 0.781 | 0.95 | 0.779 | 1.00 | 0.997 | ||
| IL-7 | 5 | 3.79 | 3.13 - 4.59 | 3.37 | 2.80 - 4.04 | 0.379 | 0.89 | 0.376 | 0.91 | 0.465 | |
| 9 | 3.98 | 3.13 - 5.05 | 3.20 | 2.71 - 3.79 | 0.144 | 0.81 | 0.142 | 0.81 | 0.144 | ||
| 12 | 3.01 | 2.55 - 3.54 | 2.33 | 1.96 - 2.79 | 0.038 | 0.78 | 0.037 | 0.78 | 0.043 | ||
| 24 | 2.41 | 2.11 - 2.75 | 2.29 | 2.02 - 2.59 | 0.560 | 0.95 | 0.556 | 0.94 | 0.519 | ||
| IL-17 | 5 | 4.73 | 3.47 - 6.45 | 4.77 | 3.70 - 6.16 | 0.968 | 1.01 | 0.968 | 0.99 | 0.950 | |
| 9 | 3.72 | 2.86 - 4.84 | 2.87 | 2.22 - 3.72 | 0.167 | 0.77 | 0.164 | 0.78 | 0.169 | ||
| 12 | 3.01 | 2.32 - 3.91 | 2.93 | 2.29 - 3.76 | 0.887 | 0.97 | 0.886 | 0.98 | 0.890 | ||
| 24 | 5.56 | 4.37 - 7.08 | 4.28 | 3.26 - 5.61 | 0.152 | 0.77 | 0.149 | 0.76 | 0.134 | ||
| G-CSF | 5 | 17.84 | 14.28 - 22.29 | 16.05 | 12.87 - 20.01 | 0.502 | 0.90 | 0.499 | 0.91 | 0.540 | |
| 9 | 13.85 | 10.91 - 17.57 | 12.32 | 9.98 - 15.19 | 0.464 | 0.89 | 0.462 | 0.89 | 0.467 | ||
| 12 | 10.48 | 8.17 - 13.44 | 11.11 | 9.18 - 13.44 | 0.712 | 1.06 | 0.710 | 1.07 | 0.647 | ||
| 24 | 27.96 | 23.58 - 33.16 | 22.21 | 19.14 - 25.76 | 0.044 | 0.79 | 0.042 | 0.79 | 0.043 | ||
| GM-CSF | 5 | 18.29 | 11.87 - 28.19 | 19.95 | 13.03 - 30.54 | 0.777 | 1.09 | 0.776 | 1.12 | 0.712 | |
| 9 | 18.34 | 11.82 - 28.46 | 12.78 | 8.34 - 19.59 | 0.243 | 0.70 | 0.240 | 0.70 | 0.243 | ||
| 12 | 10.62 | 7.05 - 16.00 | 8.10 | 5.37 - 12.24 | 0.356 | 0.76 | 0.353 | 0.77 | 0.363 | ||
| 24 | 10.91 | 7.05 - 16.87 | 8.77 | 6.23 - 12.35 | 0.433 | 0.80 | 0.429 | 0.81 | 0.437 | ||
| MCP-1 | 5 | 43.17 | 36.47 - 51.10 | 46.18 | 38.41 - 55.51 | 0.594 | 1.07 | 0.592 | 1.08 | 0.547 | |
| 9 | 41.14 | 33.21 - 50.95 | 41.49 | 35.24 - 48.85 | 0.949 | 1.01 | 0.949 | 1.01 | 0.969 | ||
| 12 | 39.93 | 33.47 - 47.62 | 32.71 | 27.32 - 39.16 | 0.118 | 0.82 | 0.116 | 0.82 | 0.122 | ||
| 24 | 56.52 | 48.17 - 66.32 | 50.18 | 41.82 - 60.22 | 0.330 | 0.89 | 0.326 | 0.89 | 0.332 | ||
| MIP-1β | 5 | 565.32 | 474.10 - 674.10 | 693.5 | 603.63 - 796.78 | 0.070 | 1.23 | 0.069 | 1.18 | 0.131 | |
| 9 | 402.91 | 342.05 - 474.60 | 456.4 | 387.36 - 537.80 | 0.287 | 1.13 | 0.285 | 1.13 | 0.291 | ||
| 12 | 487.27 | 413.65 - 573.99 | 583.6 | 482.50 - 705.98 | 0.157 | 1.20 | 0.155 | 1.20 | 0.153 | ||
| 24 | 618.41 | 515.94 - 741.22 | 593.8 | 494.69 - 712.89 | 0.754 | 0.96 | 0.752 | 0.96 | 0.770 | ||
| IL-8 | 5 | 200.40 | 148.28 - 270.82 | 238.2 | 183.74 - 308.79 | 0.389 | 1.19 | 0.386 | 1.15 | 0.489 | |
| 9 | 126.87 | 99.27 - 162.15 | 139.2 | 108.84 - 178.11 | 0.597 | 1.10 | 0.596 | 1.10 | 0.592 | ||
| 12 | 183.34 | 143.44 - 234.33 | 228.4 | 174.16 - 299.56 | 0.236 | 1.25 | 0.234 | 1.24 | 0.244 | ||
| 24 | 208.38 | 150.71 - 288.13 | 170.5 | 123.01 - 236.25 | 0.386 | 0.82 | 0.382 | 0.81 | 0.345 | ||
The three analyses methods are presented and P values correspond to each one of these.
* Linear regression
† Adjusted by previous episodes of clinical malaria
‡ T test
§ Proportional difference in cytokine/chemokine concentrations in SP-recipients in relation to placebo-recipients