Table 4.
Intracellular and plasma cytokines and chemokines and their association with incidence of malaria during the first and second years of age.
| 5 - 12 months | 12 - 24 months | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertiles* | Two-fold increment† | Tertiles | Two-fold increment | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted‡ | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cytokines and chemokines | IRR | 95% CI | P value§ | IRR | 95% CI | P value | IRR | 95% CI | P value | IRR | 95% CI | P value | IRR | 95% CI | P value | IRR | 95% CI | P value | IRR | 95% CI | P value | IRR | 95% CI | P value | |
| IFN-γ | 3.24 | 1.13 - 9.33 | 0.052 | 4.62 | 1.58 - 13.47 | 0.004 | 1.21 | 1.03 - 1.43 | 0.021 | 1.26 | 1.07 - 1.49 | 0.003 | 0.95 | 0.38 - 2.39 | 0.635 | 0.68 | 0.32 - 1.45 | 0.533 | 0.97 | 0.84 - 1.11 | 0.639 | 0.96 | 0.85 - 1.08 | 0.5226 | |
| Intracellular | IL-4 | 1.49 | 0.64 - 3.48 | 0.645 | 1.31 | 0.62 - 2.77 | 0.783 | 1.19 | 0.90 - 1.58 | 0.212 | 1.17 | 0.91 - 1.49 | 0.213 | 0.53 | 0.20 - 1.37 | 0.404 | 0.78 | 0.35 - 1.72 | 0.816 | 0.81 | 0.60 - 1.10 | 0.178 | 0.95 | 0.75 - 1.20 | 0.6635 |
| IL-10 | 3.11 | 1.12 - 8.67 | 0.086 | 3.40 | 1.30 - 8.89 | 0.033 | 1.32 | 1.04 - 1.67 | 0.022 | 1.38 | 1.11 - 1.71 | 0.004 | 0.97 | 0.38 - 2.47 | 0.989 | 1.39 | 0.68 - 2.82 | 0.239 | 0.98 | 0.80 - 1.20 | 0.833 | 0.96 | 0.82 - 1.12 | 0.5904 | |
| IL-2 | 2.71 | 0.94 - 7.83 | 0.131 | 2.13 | 0.83 - 5.42 | 0.219 | 1.19 | 0.97 - 1.45 | 0.083 | 1.11 | 0.95 - 1.29 | 0.200 | 1.54 | 0.66 - 3.59 | 0.423 | 1.98 | 1.01 - 3.90 | 0.055 | 1.12 | 0.98 - 1.29 | 0.090 | 1.11 | 1.00 - 1.24 | 0.051 | |
| IL-12 | 1.38 | 0.56 - 3.41 | 0.309 | 1.53 | 0.71 - 3.30 | 0.080 | 1.10 | 0.91 - 1.34 | 0.330 | 1.06 | 0.90 - 1.25 | 0.453 | 1.63 | 0.63 - 4.21 | 0.528 | 1.87 | 0.91 - 3.82 | 0.223 | 1.09 | 0.88 - 1.35 | 0.422 | 1.10 | 0.92 - 1.32 | 0.266 | |
| IFN-γ | 0.92 | 0.37 - 2.32 | 0.929 | 0.99 | 0.44 - 2.21 | 0.378 | 1.00 | 0.89 - 1.13 | 0.992 | 0.98 | 0.89 - 1.08 | 0.706 | 1.28 | 0.56 - 2.93 | 0.836 | 3.60 | 1.79 - 7.23 | 0.001 | 1.05 | 0.95 - 1.16 | 0.316 | 1.16 | 1.07 - 1.26 | 0.0004 | |
| IL-1β | 1.42 | 0.43 - 4.73 | 0.654 | 1.24 | 0.41 - 3.71 | 0.653 | 1.00 | 0.84 - 1.19 | 0.975 | 1.02 | 0.87 - 1.20 | 0.813 | 1.52 | 0.63 - 3.68 | 0.050 | 2.11 | 1.11 - 4.01 | 0.009 | 1.11 | 0.94 - 1.31 | 0.194 | 1.18 | 1.04 - 1.33 | 0.011 | |
| IL-6 | 1.03 | 0.40 - 2.69 | 0.967 | 1.05 | 0.45 - 2.45 | 0.967 | 1.00 | 0.85 - 1.18 | 0.979 | 1.02 | 0.88 - 1.19 | 0.747 | 1.52 | 0.67 - 3.46 | 0.609 | 1.86 | 0.95 - 3.63 | 0.184 | 1.10 | 0.95 - 1.26 | 0.194 | 1.16 | 1.03 - 1.30 | 0.013 | |
| Plasma | TNF | 1.53 | 0.52 - 4.48 | 0.716 | 2.08 | 0.80 - 5.43 | 0.116 | 1.13 | 0.95 - 1.34 | 0.166 | 1.12 | 0.97 - 1.30 | 0.117 | 1.00 | 0.43 - 2.33 | 0.926 | 1.37 | 0.68 - 2.77 | 0.580 | 1.05 | 0.94 - 1.19 | 0.390 | 1.06 | 0.96 - 1.16 | 0.243 |
| IL-4 | 1.28 | 0.48 - 3.41 | 0.506 | 1.21 | 0.53 - 2.78 | 0.516 | 1.08 | 0.94 - 1.24 | 0.253 | 1.07 | 0.95 - 1.20 | 0.271 | 1.83 | 0.82 - 4.07 | 0.168 | 2.26 | 1.19 - 4.27 | 0.041 | 1.11 | 0.98 - 1.25 | 0.093 | 1.16 | 1.05 - 1.29 | 0.004 | |
| IL-5 | 1.67 | 0.58 - 4.80 | 0.618 | 1.74 | 0.69 - 4.37 | 0.485 | 1.13 | 0.87 - 1.48 | 0.347 | 1.05 | 0.84 - 1.32 | 0.652 | 1.90 | 0.77 - 4.69 | 0.329 | 2.80 | 1.43 - 5.49 | 0.001 | 1.15 | 0.89 - 1.49 | 0.289 | 1.39 | 1.13 - 1.70 | 0.002 | |
| IL-13 | 1.35 | 0.46 - 3.92 | 0.527 | 1.70 | 0.66 - 4.37 | 0.114 | 1.22 | 0.92 - 1.62 | 0.157 | 1.19 | 0.94 - 1.50 | 0.132 | 3.33 | 1.21 - 9.15 | 0.038 | 3.26 | 1.45 - 7.32 | 0.016 | 1.42 | 1.11 - 1.81 | 0.005 | 1.32 | 1.07 - 1.62 | 0.006 | |
| IL-10 | 3.36 | 1.27 - 8.87 | 0.035 | 3.06 | 1.21 - 7.76 | 0.025 | 1.28 | 1.04 - 1.57 | 0.016 | 1.17 | 0.99 - 1.38 | 0.059 | 3.61 | 1.60 - 8.13 | 0.009 | 2.30 | 1.19 - 4.44 | 0.045 | 1.43 | 1.16 - 1.75 | 0.0004 | 1.25 | 1.06 - 1.47 | 0.006 | |
| IL-7 | 1.77 | 0.62 - 5.04 | 0.529 | 1.41 | 0.56 - 3.52 | 0.594 | 1.26 | 0.92 - 1.73 | 0.137 | 1.10 | 0.85 - 1.43 | 0.456 | 1.56 | 0.62 - 3.96 | 0.242 | 2.16 | 1.09 - 4.30 | 0.029 | 1.20 | 0.88 - 1.65 | 0.245 | 1.34 | 1.04 - 1.72 | 0.019 | |
| IL-17 | 0.67 | 0.25 - 1.83 | 0.622 | 0.76 | 0.33 - 1.74 | 0.551 | 1.01 | 0.83 - 1.23 | 0.914 | 1.04 | 0.88 - 1.22 | 0.681 | 0.78 | 0.30 - 2.00 | 0.055 | 0.80 | 0.36 - 1.77 | 0.278 | 0.97 | 0.79 - 1.20 | 0.785 | 0.92 | 0.78 - 1.09 | 0.342 | |
| G-CSF | 1.83 | 0.64 - 5.27 | 0.439 | 2.42 | 0.95 - 6.20 | 0.074 | 1.25 | 0.95 - 1.64 | 0.102 | 1.21 | 0.96 - 1.53 | 0.085 | 2.41 | 0.90 - 6.46 | 0.207 | 3.10 | 1.46 - 6.56 | 0.013 | 1.25 | 1.00 - 1.55 | 0.048 | 1.35 | 1.13 - 1.63 | 0.001 | |
| GM-CSF | 1.19 | 0.41 - 3.42 | 0.945 | 1.19 | 0.48 - 2.97 | 0.490 | 1.05 | 0.92 - 1.21 | 0.475 | 1.04 | 0.93 - 1.16 | 0.517 | 1.63 | 0.64 - 4.10 | 0.187 | 2.41 | 1.16 - 5.05 | 0.011 | 1.11 | 0.99 - 1.26 | 0.077 | 1.13 | 1.03 - 1.24 | 0.010 | |
| MCP-1 | 3.01 | 1.18 - 7.63 | 0.064 | 3.16 | 1.37 - 7.25 | 0.015 | 1.64 | 1.21 - 2.23 | 0.001 | 1.66 | 1.29 - 2.15 | < 0.001 | 3.07 | 1.34 - 7.06 | 0.008 | 2.85 | 1.43 - 5.69 | 0.007 | 1.31 | 1.02 - 1.69 | 0.038 | 1.36 | 1.11 - 1.67 | 0.003 | |
| MIP-1β | 0.52 | 0.20 - 1.35 | 0.113 | 0.83 | 0.34 - 2.07 | 0.341 | 0.92 | 0.67 - 1.27 | 0.620 | 1.10 | 0.80 - 1.51 | 0.571 | 1.50 | 0.67 - 3.40 | 0.396 | 0.98 | 0.50 - 1.94 | 0.329 | 0.98 | 0.78 - 1.24 | 0.859 | 0.93 | 0.76 - 1.13 | 0.430 | |
| IL-8 | 0.68 | 0.27 - 1.71 | 0.646 | 0.77 | 0.34 - 1.73 | 0.809 | 0.95 | 0.79 - 1.14 | 0.580 | 0.98 | 0.82 - 1.16 | 0.781 | 0.72 | 0.32 - 1.62 | 0.402 | 0.61 | 0.30 - 1.22 | 0.100 | 0.95 | 0.80 - 1.12 | 0.543 | 0.97 | 0.84 - 1.11 | 0.633 | |
For each time interval (5 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months) P values correspond to each one of the analyses methods used.
* Incidence rate ratio in high tertile relative to low tertile
† Incidence rate ratio in two-fold increment
‡ Adjusted by treatment group, gender, previous episodes of clinical malaria, current infection, neighborhood
§ Negative binomial regression model using likelihood ratio test. In bold, P values that remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) or border line significant (P < 0.095) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Corrected P values (in order from top to bottom, left to right): intracellular IFN-γ, 0.083, 0.052; intracellular IL-10, 0.076; plasma IFN-γ, 0.022, 0.008; plasma IL4, 0.077; IL-5, 0.027, 0.031; IL-13, 0.093; plasma IL-10, 0.008; G-CSF, 0.018; MCP-1, 0.019, 0.002, 0.053.