Table 1.
Hybrid and fusion proteins devised for herbivorous insect control—Selected examples from the current literature
| Fusion partners | Intended uses / Improved effects | Refs. |
|---|---|---|
| Hybrid proteins | ||
| Cry1Ab toxin modified with domain III of Cry1C | Improved efficacy against Spodoptera exigua | [63] |
| Cry1Ab toxin modified with C-terminal region of Cry1Ac | Improved efficacy and range against Lepidoptera | [29] |
| Cry1Ab toxin modified with part of Cry3A variable region | Resistance to insects of different orders | [64] |
| Cry1Ac or Cry1E modified with domain III of Cry1C | Improved efficacy against Spodoptera exigua | [65] |
| Cry1Ba toxin modified with domain II of Cry1Ia | Resistance to insects of different orders | [31,66] |
| Cry1Ca, Cry1Fb and Cry1Ba modified with Cry1Ac domain III | Improved efficacy against Heliothis virescens | [67] |
| Cry1Ea toxin modified with part of Cry1Ca toxin domain III | Improved efficacy against Spodoptera litura | [68] |
| Cry hybrid SN19 modified with domain II of Cry1Ba | Resistance to insects of different orders | [69] |
| Sunflower multicystatin integrating gourd trypsin inhibitor | Broader inhibition of Lepidoptera midgut proteases | [70] |
| Bi- or multimodal translational fusions | ||
| Cry1B and Cry1Ab toxins | Durability and broader range against Lepidoptera | [30] |
| Cry1Ac toxin and galactose-binding domain of ricin B chain | Improved efficacy and broader insecticidal range | [71] |
| Cry1Ac toxin and cowpea trypsin inhibitor CpTI | Dual effect against cabbage worms and durability | [37] |
| Cry1Ac toxin and spider venom neurotoxin HWTX-I | Dual effect against Plutella xylostella | [72] |
| Cry1Ac toxin and Beauveria bassiana subtilisin CDEP2 | Dual effect against Helicoverpa armigera | [73] |
| Cry1Ac toxin and baculoviral polyhedrin | Increased stability and expression in E. coli | [74] |
| Cry1Ab toxin C-ter peptide and spider toxin ACTX-Ar1 | Improved efficacy and range against Lepidoptera | [75,76,77,78] |
| Snowdrop lectin and arthropod peptide toxins | Delivery of toxic peptides to the haemolymph | [79,80,81,82,83] |
| Soybean cystatin N2 and GSII lectin | Dual effect against Callosobruchus maculatus | [84] |
| Various plant and animal cysteine protease inhibitors | Broader inhibition of Thysanoptera midgut proteases | [85] |
| Tomato cathepsin D inhibitor and corn cystatin II | Broader inhibition of Coleoptera midgut proteases | [86] |
| Oryzacystatin I and potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor domains | Broader inhibition of Coleoptera midgut proteases | [87] |