Table.

Adjustable model parameters during calibration. G_e and G_f are global parameters, and the remaining parameters are specified for each muscle.

	Parameter	Description	Limits Used
ℓ o m	optimal fiber length	sarcomere length at which optimal actin-myosin overlap is achieved	± 20% *
ℓ s t	tendon slack length	the length at which the viscoelastic tendon is slack; below it the tendon carries no load	± 20% *
d	electromechanical delay	represents the time delay between EMG signal and the start of the resulting force	0 - 70 ms
Alen	non-linear shape factor	characterizes the potential for a non-linear EMG- to-force relationship, particularly at low forces (<30% MVC)	0.01 - 0.12
γ1, γ2	recursive filter coefficients	characterizes the observation that EMG signal is shorter in duration than resulting force	−0.9 < γ1,2< 0.9
Ge	extensor strength coefficient	characterizes varying degrees of extensor strength among individuals	50 - 250% *
Gf	flexor strength coefficient	characterizes varying degrees of flexor strength among individuals

^*indicate limits which vary by the given percentage from published (7) mean values.