Table 1.
Anthropometric characteristics and physical activity levels [mean (standard deviation)] of 9- and 10-year-old overweight and non-overweight children divided based on the duration of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school breaks (Katowice, Poland, 2010)
| Girls (n = 137) | Boys (n = 102) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥30 min of MVPA breaks (n = 65) | Effect size (d) | <30 min of MVPA breaks (n = 72) | ≥30 min of MVPA breaks (n = 53) | Effect size (d) | <30 min of MVPA recess (n = 49) | |
| Anthropometric data | ||||||
| Age (years) | 9.36 (0.38) | 9.62 (0.34) | 9.35 (0.38) | 9.56 (0.44) | ||
| Body height (cm) | 134.62 (6.03) | 0.29 | 136.64 (7.62) | 136.11 (5.84) | 0.18 | 135.02 (6.62) |
| Body weight (kg) | 32.92 (8.01) | 0.30 | 35.39 (8.40) | 35.38 (6.83) | 0.22 | 33.74 (8.09) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.99 (3.03) | 0.10 | 18.69 (4.21) | 19.04 (3.03) | 0.29 | 18.32 (3.23) |
| Overweighta | n = 14 (21.5%) | 0.16 | n = 11 (15.3%) | n = 12 (22.6%) | 0.04 | n = 11 (22.5%) |
| Obesityb | n = 6 (9.2%) | 0.18 | n = 11 (15.3%) | n = 17 (32.1%) | 0.21 | n = 12 (24.5%) |
| Steps (number) | ||||||
| Before school | 1,219 (880) | 0.48 | 844 (677)** | 1,315 (860) | 0.14 | 1,198 (857) |
| At school | 3,049 (732) | 1.81 | 1,500 (954)*** | 3,474 (1,152) | 1.11 | 2,110 (1,298)*** |
| PE lesson | 1,134 (674) | 0.20 | 1,244 (413) | 1,218 (751) | 0.49 | 1,544 (563)** |
| Another lessons | 831 (532) | 0.74 | 492 (379)*** | 894 (696) | 0.23 | 742 (636) |
| Breaks | 1,313 (406) | 2.44 | 456 (294)*** | 1,683 (628) | 2.06 | 643 (321)*** |
| After school | 7,089 (3,012) | 0.09 | 6,779 (3,488) | 6,644 (3,899) | 0.45 | 5,141 (2,654)* |
| All day | 11,357 (2,888) | 0.67 | 9,124 (3,689)*** | 11,433 (4,057) | 0.84 | 8,449 (2,890)*** |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | ||||||
| Before school | 111.96 (17.13) | 0.12 | 110.06 (14.22) | 110.58 (18.92) | 0.42 | 103.93 (11.75)* |
| At school | 112.80 (9.74) | 0.69 | 106.15 (9.63)*** | 108.59 (9.46) | 0.16 | 107.06 (9.73) |
| PE lesson | 128.36 (20.42) | 0.46 | 136.20 (13.24) | 122.34 (21.81) | 0.62 | 134.12 (15.52)* |
| Another lessons | 107.15 (10.13) | 0.65 | 101.17 (8.13)*** | 102.58 (10.36) | 0.17 | 100.97 (7.89) |
| Breaks | 125.01 (11.13) | 1.00 | 114.26 (10.32)*** | 122.77 (11.63) | 0.16 | 120.73 (13.23) |
| After school | 108.22 (10.45) | 0.44 | 103.73 (9.83)* | 104.04 (13.60) | 0.24 | 101.17 (10.15) |
| All day | 111.00 (9.90) | 0.48 | 106.64 (8.14)** | 107.74 (9.44) | 0.43 | 104.05 (7.59)* |
| Duration of PA (min) | ||||||
| Before school | 42.17 (32.40) | 0.54 | 27.21 (22.16)** | 39.68 (23.86) | 0.09 | 42.27 (31.84) |
| At school | 135.80 (21.33) | 2.18 | 81.33 (27.92)*** | 142.53 (27.81) | 1.77 | 96.95 (23.27)*** |
| PE lesson | 30.49 (10.45) | 0.44 | 34.38 (7.29) | 30.12 (11.36) | 0.79 | 36.77 (2.69)** |
| Another lessons | 75.22 (17.72) | 1.30 | 49.20 (21.88)*** | 83.15 (27.10) | 0.89 | 60.31 (23.95)*** |
| Breaks | 38.52 (5.16) | 3.77 | 16.85 (6.23)*** | 40.06 (5.58) | 3.35 | 19.39 (6.75)*** |
| After school | 254.48 (66.78) | 0.21 | 270.10 (77.91) | 233.44 (82.27) | 0.18 | 218.50 (87.90) |
| All day | 431.07 (65.08) | 0.68 | 378.64 (86.99)*** | 414.80 (91.48) | 0.65 | 357.71 (83.68)** |
n number of participants, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, BMI body mass index, PE physical education, PA overall physical activity, d coefficients effect size for one-way analysis of variance (Cohen 1988) and the Mann–Whitney test (Cortina and Nouri 2000). The values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 were interpreted as small, medium, and large effects, respectively (Thomas and Nelson 2001)
Statistical significance (one-way analysis of variance) of the differences between groups of children ≥30 min and <30 min of MVPA during school breaks is expressed as: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
aOverweight or b Obesity represents BMI from 85th to 97th or greater than 97th of WHO growth charts (World Health Organization 2007)