Table 1.

Oxidative stress parameters in Parkinson's disease patients.

Observation	Marker for oxidative stress	Sampled region	Outcome (versus control)	References
In vivo	MDA	Blood, CSF	↑	[40]
	GSH reductase	Blood	↑
	Cu/Zn-SOD	Blood	↑
	Superoxide	Blood	↑
In vivo	HNE	Plasma, CSF	↑	[42]
In vivo	Lipoprotein oxidation	Plasma, CSF	↑	[43]
	Protein sulfhydryl groups	Plasma, CSF	↓
	α-Tocopherol	CSF	↓
In vivo	Cu/Zn/Mn-SOD activity	Skin fibroblasts	↔	[44]
	GPx activity	Skin fibroblasts	↔
	Catalase activity	Skin fibroblasts	↔
In vivo	Lipid oxidation products	Plasma	↑	[19]
	8-OHdG	Urine	↑
In vivo	Markers of oxidative stress	iPSCs	↑	[45]
	Sensitivity to oxidative stress	iPSCs	↑
In vivo	MDA	Blood	↑	[41]
	SOD activity	Blood	↑
	GPx	Blood	↔
Postmortem	Lipid peroxidation	SN	↑	[38]
	Reduced GSH	SN	↓
	Total iron	SN	↑
	Ferritin	SN	↓
	GPx activity	SN	↓
	Catalase activity	SN	↓
Postmortem	Iron	SN	↑	[39]
	MAO-B	SN	↑
	Cu/Zn-SOD	SN	↑
	Heme oxygenase	SN	↑
	GSH	SN	↓
	Vitamin C	SN	↓
Postmortem	GPx 4	SN	↑	[46]
Postmortem	Protein oxidation	Caudate nucleus	↑	[35]
	Lipid peroxidation	Frontal cortex	↑
	Protein nitration	Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex	↔
	Total GSH	Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex	↑
	Catalase	Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex	↔
	SOD	Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex	↔
	GSH reductase	Caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex	↔
	GPx	Caudate nucleus, putamen	↑

Abbreviations: 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal, 8-OhdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, GPx: GSH peroxidase, GSH: glutathion, iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells, MDA: malondialdehyde, SN: substantia nigra, SOD: sodium dismutase, ↑: increased, ↓: decreased, ↔: not different.