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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 19.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif). 2012 Apr 5;5(1):79–105. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073659

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Approaches used to design toxicity sensors and arrays. (a) Polyion-DNA-enzyme film formation by the layer-by-layer method. (b) Example of a pathway of molecular bioactivation leading to a toxic metabolite that reacts with DNA. Abbreviations: CE-LIF, capillary electrophoresis–laser-induced fluorescence; cyt, cytochrome; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; LC-MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.