FIG. 5.

Th1 and Th17 responses in PBMC cultures from ART patients upon treatment with 3TC and Th17 differentiating cytokines. PBMCs from ART patients were cultured with 3TC plus IL-2 or IL-2 and the Th17 differentiation cytokine cocktail (IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-23) for 8 days. IFN-γ and IL-17A production was measured by intracellular cytokine staining in response to PMA/ionomycin stimulation. (A) Dot plots of IFN-γ⁺ and IL-17A⁺ CD4 T cells from cultures of a representative ART recipient where the cells were either treated with IL-2 or IL-2 and the cytokine cocktail. (B) Changes in the percentages of IFN-γ⁺ and IL-17A⁺ CD4 T cells from seven different HIV⁺ donors on ART upon treatment with IL-2 vs. IL-2 plus the cytokine cocktail. Statistical significance was determined by paired two-tailed t-test.