Table VI.
Adverse events: infants (zero to two years)
| Comparison | Adverse event | Number of participants (trials) |
Risk ratio (95% confidence interval) |
I 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months versus introduction of solids at three to six months |
Death in first 12 months | 3483 (1) | 2.30 (0.21, 25.37) | -- |
| Feeding problems | 141 (1) | 2.18 (0.49, 9.68) | -- | |
| Refusal to drink formula | 46 (1) | 7.62 (0.43, 133.78) | -- | |
| Extensively hydrolysed formula versus cow’s milk formula (prolonged feeding) |
Feeding problems | 96 (1) | 1.38 (0.24, 7.89) | -- |
| Partially hydrolysed formula versus cow’s milk formula (prolonged feeding) |
Feeding problems | 91 (1) | 3.07 (0.65, 14.40) | -- |
| Extensively hydrolysed versus partially hydrolysed formula (prolonged feeding) |
Feeding problems | 95 (1) | 0.45 (0.12, 1.69) | -- |
| Maternal antigen avoidance versus standard diet |
Pre-term birth | 236 (2) | 10.06 (0.52, 192.26) | NA |
| Prebiotic versus no prebiotic | Feed intolerance leading to formula discontinuation |
226 (1) | 1.81 (0.82, 3.99) | -- |
| Perbiotic versus other prebiotic* |
Feed intolerance leading to formula discontinuation |
150 (1) | 1.73 (0.82, 3.67) | -- |
| Probiotic versus no probiotic | Sepsis | 367 (1) | 0.63 (0.39, 1.04) | -- |
|
Spitting up at one month
of age |
188 (1) | 1.88 (1.03, 3.45) a | -- | |
|
Spitting up at two months
of age |
188 (1) | 1.69 (1.02, 2.80) b | -- | |
| Gastrointestinal problems at one month of age |
188 (1) | 1.47 (0.63, 3.43) | -- | |
| Gastrointestinal problems at two months of age |
188 (1) | 0.59 (0.22, 1.55) | -- | |
| Gastrointestinal problems in first 12 months |
188 (1) | 0.93 (0.54, 1.60) | -- | |
|
Necrotizing enterocolitis
and/or death |
145 (1) | 0.35 (0.15, 0.83) b | -- |
NA; not available.
a
Significantly favours no probiotic.
b
Significantly favours probiotic.
*
Polydextrose galacto-oligosaccharide and lactulose versus polydextrose and galacto-oligosaccharide.
Bold text indicates statistical significance.