Table 4. Community level results of multilevel logistic model for the outcome of modern contraceptive use, community gender norms and inequalities domain.
| Region and Country | Community gender norms & inequalities | |||||
| Mean communityviolence justificationindex score | Mean community decision-making autonomyscore | Women in thecommunity withat least aprimary education | Men in the community withat least a primary education | Ratio of men to women employed in the community | ||
| Eastern Africa | ||||||
| Ethiopia (2005) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | 1.11 (0.89, 1.38) | 1.95 (0.90, 4.23) | 0.93 (0.45, 1.89) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | |
| Kenya (2008–09) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 1.25 (0.45, 3.50) | 0.86 (0.24, 3.04) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | |
| Madagascar (2008–09) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 1.23 (1.05, 1.43) | 0.82 (0.42, 1.59) | 1.05 (0.52, 2.13) | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) | |
| Rwanda (2005) | 1.22 (0.99, 1.51) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) | 2.39 (0.98, 5.82) | 1.08 (0.45, 2.56) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | |
| Uganda (2006) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 2.05 (0.87, 4.80) | 2.01 (0.56, 7.27) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.33) | |
| Zambia (2007) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.78) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) | 1.42 (0.53, 3.81) | 0.43 (0.13, 1.43) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | |
| Zimbabwe (2005–06) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.76 (0.21, 2.80) | 5.12 (1.05, 25.01) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | |
| Middle Africa | ||||||
| Congo (2005) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.28) | ** | 4.04 (0.86, 19.01) | 0.27 (0.03, 2.78) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.31) | |
| Democratic Republicof Congo (2007) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 0.78 (0.22, 2.83) | 0.49 (0.07, 3.37) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | |
| Northern Africa | ||||||
| Egypt (2008) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) | 1.20 (0.82, 1.75) | 0.58 (0.38, 0.87) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | |
| Southern Africa | ||||||
| Namibia (2006–07) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.15) | 2.25 (1.15, 4.40) | 0.75 (0.43, 1.32) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.08) | |
| Swaziland (2006–07) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) | 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) | 0.79 (0.31, 2.02) | 0.59 (0.25, 1.40) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.06) | |
| Western Africa | ||||||
| Benin (2006) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.24) | 0.69 (0.31, 1.55) | 1.07 (0.58, 1.98) | 1.18 (0.80, 1.75) | |
| Ghana (2008) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 0.98 (0.43, 2.22) | 0.53 (0.22, 1.24) | 0.88 (0.58, 1.35) | |
| Guinea (2005) | 1.03 (0.80, 1.34) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) | 0.71 (0.14, 3.59) | 0.88 (0.25, 3.08) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.74) | |
| Liberia (2007) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.34) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.35) | 0.83 (0.32, 2.16) | 0.75 (0.27, 2.07) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | |
| Mali (2006) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.10) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.31) | 1.54 (0.62, 3.82) | 2.14 (1.02, 4.45) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | |
| Niger (2006) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.40) | 1.23 (0.93, 1.61) | 7.20 (1.60, 32.48) | 0.37 (0.12, 1.13) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) | |
| Nigeria (2008) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.20) | 1.61 (0.78, 3.32) | 1.06 (0.49, 2.30) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | |
| Senegal (2005) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.34) | 1.15 (0.46, 2.85) | 2.06 (0.96, 4.44) | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | |
| Sierra Leone (2008) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 1.09 (0.79, 1.49) | 1.94 (0.60, 6.32) | 1.70 (0.62, 4.67) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.34) | |
Values reported as adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)*†.
*
Models controlled for the following individual and household level factors: age, age at marriage, partner age difference, number of living children, death of a child, gender composition of children, religion, residence, wealth, employment, education (respondent and partner), violence index, decision-making autonomy index, HIV knowledge index, reproductive health knowledge index, media exposure index.
†
Bolded figures are signpone.0040670.g001.tifificant at 0.05 level.
**
Information on decision-making autonomy not collected in the 2005 Congo DHS – Women’s Questionnaire.