Table 4.

Summary of studies that have examined the association of smoking and lung cancer by gender

Study author, year	Population	Location	Odds Ratio/Relative Risk*
Case-control studies
Lubin et al., 1984	Hospital-based 7804 cases (11.3% F) 15,207 controls (11.5% F)	Western Europe
			Cig/day	SCC	AC
			10–19	1.6	1.1
			20–29	2.5	0.44
			≥30	1.4	0.66
Schoenberg et al., 1989	Population-based 994 cases 995 controls	New Jersey
			Any cigarette smoking		0.71
Brownson et al, 1992	Registry-based 14,596 cases (35.7% F) 36,438 controls	Missouri
			Current smoker		1.2
Harris et al., 1993	Hospital-based 4423 cases (34.1% F) 4171 controls (37.3% F)	New York, NY
			Tar exposure (kg)	Ever smokers	Current smokers
			1–4	1.0
			5–8	2.0	1.8
			≥8	1.9	1.7
			Combined	1.7	1.5
Osann et al., 1993	Population-based 1986 cases (41.9% F) 3507 controls (47.2% F)	California
			Ever smokers		0.76
			Current smokers		0.74
Risch et al., 1993	Population-based 845 cases (52.3% F) 772 controls (53.1% F)	Canada
			Pack-years
			0–30	1.4
			30–60	2.4
			60+	3.6
Zang et al., 1996	Hospital-based 1936 cases (41.9% F) 2070 controls (45.8% F	United States
			Cigarette Exposure
			Cigarettes per day	1.4
			Pack-years	1.4
Kreuzer et al., 1999	Population and hospital-based 4623 cases (19.5% F) 5169 controls (21.2% F)	Germany and Italy
			Ever smokers	0.26
Cohort studies
Thun et al., 1995	786,387 participants (CPS-I) 711,363 participants (CPS-II)	United States, Puerto Rico, and Guam
			Current Smokers	Women	Men
			CPS-I	2.7	11.9
			CPS-II	12.8	23.2
Prescott et al., 1998	30,874 participants (43.5% F) 867 cases (23.4% F)	Copenhagen
				Women	Men
			Ever smokers	6.4	11.9
Bain et al., 2004	85,693 participants (70.4% F) 1266 cases	United States
			Former smokers	1.18
			Current smokers	1.11

^*Estimates of smoking-lung cancer association in women relative to men