Table 2.

Adjusted HRs with 95% CIs for any CVD, fatal CVD, any acidosis/serious infection, fatal acidosis/serious infection and all-cause mortality in all patients, in each treatment group, and with metformin only as reference

	Metformin only	Insulin only	Other OHA only	Insulin + other OHA	Metformin + other OHA	Metformin + insulin	Metformin + insulin + other OHA
Any CVD	Reference	1.28 (1.19 to 1.37)***	1.13 (1.04 to 1.23)**	1.40 (1.24 to 1.58)***	1.11 (1.03 to 1.20)**	1.28 (1.19 to 1.38)***	1.33 (1.19 to 1.49)***
Fatal CVD	Reference	1.41 (1.18 to 1.68)***	1.30 (1.08 to 1.56)**	1.17 (0.91 to 1.51)	†	†	1.21 (0.92 to 1.58)
Any acidosis/serious infection	Reference	1.37 (1.26 to 1.50)***	1.16 (1.04 to 1.28)**	1.31 (1.13 to 1.51)***	1.04 (0.95 to 1.14)	1.20 (1.09 to 1.32)***	1.15 (1.00 to 1.32)*
Fatal acidosis/serious infection	Reference	1.63 (1.29 to 2.07)***	1.28 (0.98 to 1.67)	1.32 (0.91 to 1.89)	0.94 (0.72 to 1.23)	1.41 (1.08 to 1.83)*	1.12 (0.73 to 1.67)
All-cause mortality	Reference	1.47 (1.35 to 1.61)***	1.30 (1.18 to 1.44)***	1.30 (1.12 to 1.50)***	1.15 (1.05 to 1.27)**	1.25 (1.13 to 1.38)***	1.31 (1.14 to 1.52)***

Adjustments were made for age, sex, diabetes duration, HbA1c, non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, multidose dispensation, previous hospitalisation, history of CVD and congestive heart failure, microalbuminuria, and treatment with antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents and cardiac glycosides.

*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

^†Non-proportional hazards, group excluded from analysis.

CVD, cardiovascular disease; OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agent.