Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics and Correlations among Mother Education, Child Education, Parenting, Child School Adjustment, and Demographics
| Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Mother education | 2.8 (1.1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2. Child education | .38**** | 1.5 (.76) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3. Child sex1 | −.11* | .07 | .50 (.50) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4. Family structure2 | −.31**** | −31**** | .01 | .34 (.47) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5. Ethnicity3 | −.25**** | −.20**** | .04 | .27**** | .15 (.36) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6. Child IQ | .45**** | .39**** | −.14*** | −.24**** | −.41**** | 99 (16) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7. Proactive parenting | .22**** | .12*** | −.01 | −.10** | −.13*** | .21**** | 2.3 (1.7) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 8. Involvement in peer contact | .35**** | .23**** | −.03 | −16**** | −.18**** | .14*** | .21**** | 3.3 (1.0) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 9. Warmth to the child | .16**** | .20**** | .00 | −.15*** | −.16**** | .11** | .04 | .23**** | .82 (.21) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 10. Harshness of discipline | −.31**** | −.31**** | −.10** | .13*** | .18**** | −.25**** | −.08* | −.22**** | −.12** | 2.7 (.88) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 11. Physical punishment | −.27**** | −.19**** | −.03 | .14*** | .14*** | −.19**** | −.02 | −17**** | −.13*** | .25**** | .06 (.12) | |||||||||||||||||
| 12. Severity of discipline | −26**** | −.19**** | −.02 | .09* | .24**** | −.21**** | −.03 | −.15*** | −.05 | .30**** | .32**** | 2.5 (.89) | ||||||||||||||||
| 13. Externalizing, grade K | −.07 | −.13**** | −.09* | .10** | .05 | −.11** | .00 | −.04 | −.03 | .10** | .11** | .11** | 5.2 (8.3) | |||||||||||||||
| 14. Externalizing, grade 1 | −.07 | −.33**** | −.21**** | .24**** | .01 | −.19**** | −.11** | .00 | −.04 | .14*** | .10** | .08* | .36**** | 6.3 (9.5) | ||||||||||||||
| 15. Externalizing, grade 2 | −.20**** | −.36**** | −.16**** | .28**** | .18**** | −.21**** | −.08* | −.07 | −.14*** | .19**** | .13*** | .07 | .30**** | .57**** | 6.4 (9.8) | |||||||||||||
| 16. Externalizing, grade 3 | −.18**** | −.38**** | −.19**** | .24**** | .25**** | −.25**** | −.05 | −.06 | −.11** | .17**** | .04 | .09* | .34**** | .59**** | .61**** | 6.1 (9.3) | ||||||||||||
| 17. Peer acceptance, grade K | .02 | .28**** | .18**** | −.14*** | −.04 | .13*** | .02 | .09** | .08 | −.14*** | −.10** | −.00 | −.25**** | −.42**** | −.34**** | −.38**** | .19 (.96) | |||||||||||
| 18. Peer acceptance, grade 1 | .08 | .29**** | .11** | −.15*** | −.09* | .19**** | .04 | .12** | .09* | −.19**** | −.14*** | −.14*** | −.15*** | −44**** | −.38**** | −.39**** | .50**** | .25 (.89) | ||||||||||
| 19. Peer acceptance, grade 2 | .06 | .24**** | .10** | −.16*** | −.07 | .13** | .03 | .07 | .09* | −.18**** | −.08 | −.06 | −.11** | −.39**** | −.40**** | −.36**** | .39**** | .44**** | .19 (.95) | |||||||||
| 20. Peer acceptance, grade 3 | .12** | .24**** | .14*** | −.19**** | −.07 | .12** | .02 | .07 | .13** | −.15*** | −.07 | −.10** | −.23**** | −.32**** | −.34**** | −.42**** | .42**** | .48**** | .49**** | .10 (.93) | ||||||||
| 21. GPA, grades 1–3 | .40**** | .49**** | .12** | −.30**** | −.29**** | .50**** | .08* | .18**** | .12** | −.31**** | −.21**** | −.22**** | −.08 | −.25**** | −.34**** | −.33**** | .31**** | .37**** | .29**** | .34**** | 3.1 (.51) | |||||||
| 22. Test scores, grades 1–3 | .47**** | .44**** | .07 | −.30**** | −.37**** | .65**** | .10*** | .20**** | .17**** | −.28**** | −.27**** | −.26**** | −.11** | −.23**** | −.28**** | −.32**** | .22**** | .30**** | .20**** | .22**** | .76**** | 66 (23) | ||||||
| 23. Monitoring, grade 6 mother | .22**** | .19**** | .16*** | −.21**** | −.23**** | .25**** | .15*** | .15*** | .13*** | −.21**** | −.05 | −.17*** | −.11** | −.15*** | −.25**** | −.21**** | .20**** | .17**** | .18*** | .22**** | .25**** | .22**** | 4.6 (.36) | |||||
| 24. Monitoring, grade 8 mother | .08 | .17**** | .14*** | −.15*** | −.12** | .13*** | .16*** | .06 | .07 | −.09* | .06 | −.05 | −.10** | −.15*** | −.24**** | −.19**** | .08 | .12** | .21**** | .15*** | .16*** | .19**** | .51**** | 4.3 (.47) | ||||
| 25. Monitoring, grade 8 adolescent | .04 | .13*** | .03 | −.05 | −.14*** | .09* | .09* | −.02 | .01 | .00 | .05 | .00 | −.02 | −.11** | −.09* | −.12** | .10* | .10* | .16*** | .15*** | .06 | .02 | .25**** | .24**** | 2.6 (.36) | |||
| 26. Academic involvement, teacher | .24**** | .21**** | −.09* | −.19**** | −.14*** | .18*** | .05 | .05 | .14*** | −.09* | −.17*** | −.11** | .04 | −.04 | −.08 | −.11** | .19**** | .12** | .12** | .10* | .21*** | .23**** | .19**** | .13** | .06 | 1.6 (.56) | ||
| 27. Academic involvement, child | .08 | .12** | .01 | −.08 | −.02 | .05 | .03 | .09* | .02 | −.05 | .01 | −.03 | −.01 | −.10* | −.16**** | −.08 | .04 | .01 | .13** | .06 | .08 | .09* | .19**** | .13** | .19**** | .21**** | 3.5 (.70) | |
| 28. Academic involvement, mother | .29**** | .32**** | .04 | −.21**** | −.09* | .17*** | .09* | .16*** | .18**** | −.09* | −.06 | −.07 | −.03 | −.10** | −.21**** | −.16*** | .13*** | .07 | .12** | .17*** | .22**** | .17*** | .21**** | .16*** | .05 | .17*** | .17*** | 1.4(.75) |
Note. Numbers on the diagonal refer to the mean and standard deviation (in parentheses).
1
Child gender is coded as male = 0 and female = 1.
2
Family structure is coded as intact family = 0 and nonintact family = 1.
3
Ethnicity is coded as European American = 0 and African American = 1.
*
p < .1,
**
p < 05,
***
p < .01,
****
p < .001.