Table 4.

Ordinary least squares regression of sense of place in Hamilton

	Citywide sample (n = 1,002)		Lower city (n = 293)
Adj. R 2	21.94 %		12.54 %
Variable	Coeff.	Z value	Coeff.	Z value
Neighbourhood cluster
1. Southwest Mountain	8.617***	6.16
2. Central	9.002***	5.9
3. Lower City (ref.)
Gender
1. Male (ref.)
2. Female	1.527	1.47	−1.132	−0.49
Age
1. 18–29 (ref.)
2. 30–44	−0.006	0	−0.068	−0.02
3. 45–64	0.820	0.43	0.612	0.16
4. 65 or over	2.692	0.93	5.807	1.05
Self-perceived health
1. Excellent/very good	1.103	0.63	1.141	0.31
2. Good	1.023	0.58	3.798	1.18
3. Fair/poor (ref.)
Self-perceived mental health
1. Excellent/very good	11.393***	5.47	10.915***	2.87
2. Good	6.571***	3.1	5.779	1.51
3. Fair/poor (ref.)
Born in Canada
1. Yes (ref.)
2. No	−1.904*	−1.76	−2.047	−0.79
Marital status
1. Married/common law	−0.146	−0.1	0.924	0.32
2. Widowed/sep./divorced	2.137	1.18	1.657	0.5
3. Single, never married (ref.)
Education level
1. Less than high school (ref.)
2. Completed high school	0.856	0.41	3.092	0.86
3. Some college or university	−0.540	−0.24	−0.683	−0.17
4. Completed college	0.307	0.14	1.745	0.43
5. Completed bachelor	−1.416	−0.67	0.855	0.23
6. Post-graduate/professional	−2.040	−0.85	−7.553	−1.39
Employment status
1. Working full-time	0.356	0.24	−4.070	−1.39
2. Working part-time	−2.383	−1.18	−6.478*	−1.75
3. Retired	5.858	2.54	0.543	0.13
4. Other (unemployed/student disability/homemaker) (ref.)
Lived in neighbourhood
1. Less than 5 years (ref.)
2. 5–10 years	4.511***	3.02	0.855	0.26
3. 11–19 years	9.270***	6.86	6.784**	2.06
4. 20 years or more	8.376***	5.08	10.900***	3.24
Housing tenure
1. Own	−0.956	−0.58	−2.118	−0.56
2. Rent (ref.)
Dwelling type
1. Single detached	9.398***	4.24	3.406	0.73
2. Semi-detached/duplex/row/townhouse	9.929***	4.39	5.090	1.07
3. Low-rise apt/condo bldg	4.479*	1.82	−5.525	−1.06
4. High-rise apt/condo bldg (ref.)

The joint test of education of the sample of Lower City is not significant

*** Significant level at 1 %, ** at 5 % and * at 10 %

Bold items are statistically significant