Table 2.
Use of prenatal corticosteroids according to sociodemographic characteristics, current and previous pregnancy/delivery characteristics, and women's knowledge and attitudes
| Maternal characteristics | Received prenatal corticosteroids | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| El Salvador (n=402) |
Ecuador (n=366) |
Uruguay (n=294) |
|||||||
| n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | n/N | % | OR (95% CI) | |
| All |
219 / 401 |
54.6 |
(49.6–59.6) |
127 / 365 |
34.8 |
(29.9–39.9) |
203 / 286 |
71.0% |
(65.3–76.2) |
|
Sociodemographic
| |||||||||
| Age, y | |||||||||
| ≤15 | 6 / 15 | 40.0 | - | 1 / 14 | 7.1 | - | 9 / 16 | 56.3 | - |
| 16–34 | 186 / 348 | 53.4 | 1.72 (0.60–4.94) | 108 / 313 | 34.5 | 6.85 (0.88–53.06) | 174 / 244 | 71.3 | 1.93 (0.69–5.39) |
| >34 |
27 / 38 |
71.1 |
3.68 (1.06–12.8) |
18 / 38 |
47.4 |
11.70 (1.39–98.58) |
20 / 26 |
76.9 |
2.59 (0.68–9.95) |
| Educational level | |||||||||
| <6 | 70 / 114 | 61.4 | - | 12 / 31 | 38.7 | - | 25 / 38 | 65.8 | - |
| 6–11 | 59 / 124 | 47.6 | 0.57 (0.34–0.96) | 65 / 211 | 30.8 | 0.71 (0.32–1.54) | 167 / 231 | 72.3 | 1.36 (0.65–2.81) |
| >12 |
82 / 153 |
53.6 |
0.73 (0.44–1.19) |
50 / 117 |
42.7 |
1.18 (0.53–2.66) |
11 / 17 |
64.7 |
0.95 (0.29–3.16) |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Without stable partner | 44 / 84 | 52.4 | - | 17 / 45 | 37.8 | - | 47 / 67 | 70.1 | - |
| With stable partner |
175 / 317 |
55.2 |
0.89 (0.55–1.45) |
110 / 319 |
34.5 |
1.15 (0.61–2.20) |
155 / 218 |
71.1 |
0.96 (0.52–1.74) |
|
History of previous pregnancies
| |||||||||
| Parity | |||||||||
| 0 | 94 / 178 | 52.8 | - | 33 / 126 | 26.2 | - | 70 / 95 | 73.7 | - |
| 1–4 | 110 / 202 | 54.5 | 1.07 (0.71–1.60) | 84 / 215 | 39.1 | 1.81 (1.12–2.93) | 102 / 153 | 66.7 | 0.71 (0.41–1.26) |
| >4 |
15 / 21 |
71.4 |
2.23 (0.83–6.02) |
10 / 24 |
41.7 |
2.01 (0.82–4.97) |
20 / 24 |
83.3 |
1.79 (0.56–5.73) |
| History of preterm birtha | |||||||||
| No | 81 / 142 | 57.0 | - | 65 / 162 | 40.1 | - | 64 / 91 | 70.3 | - |
| Yes |
37 / 64 |
57.8 |
1.03 (0.57–1.88) |
23 / 60 |
38.3 |
0.93 (0.51–1.70) |
51 / 73 |
69.9 |
0.98 (0.50–1.92) |
|
Women's attitudes towards health services
| |||||||||
| Satisfied with health care | |||||||||
| No | 25 / 56 | 44.6 | - | 26 / 68 | 38.2 | - | 30 / 39 | 76.9 | - |
| Yes |
181 / 324 |
55.9 |
1.57 (0.89–2.78) |
96 / 281 |
34.2 |
0.84 (0.49–1.45) |
158 / 227 |
69.6 |
0.69 (0.31–1.52) |
| Perceived good quality of care | |||||||||
| No | 76 / 143 | 53.1 | - | 52 / 158 | 32.9 | - | 91 / 130 | 70.0 | - |
| Yes |
130 / 238 |
54.6 |
1.06 (0.70–1.61) |
70 / 191 |
36.6 |
1.18 (0.76–1.84) |
98 / 137 |
71.5 |
1.08 (0.64–1.83) |
|
Women's knowledge
| |||||||||
| Knowledge of risk factors of preterm delivery | |||||||||
| Poor (≤1) | 12 / 18 | 66.7 | - | 8 / 26 | 30.8 | - | 14 / 23 | 60.9 | - |
| Fair (2–3) | 45 / 91 | 49.5 | 0.49 (0.17–1.42) | 44 / 120 | 36.7 | 1.30 (0.52–3.24) | 62 / 92 | 67.4 | 1.33 (0.52–3.42) |
| Good (4–5) |
162 / 291 |
55.7 |
0.63 (0.23–1.72) |
75 / 218 |
34.4 |
1.18 (0.49–2.84) |
115 / 157 |
73.2 |
1.76 (0.71–4.39) |
|
Prenatal care during pregnancy and accessibility
| |||||||||
| Number of prenatal visits | |||||||||
| 0 | 10 / 18 | 55.6 | - | 7 / 25 | 28.0 | - | 6 / 14 | 42.9 | - |
| 1–3 | 38 / 80 | 47.5 | 0.72 (0.26–2.02) | 26 / 88 | 29.5 | 1.08 (0.40–2.89) | 59 / 85 | 69.4 | 3.03 (0.95–9.60) |
| ≥4 |
167 / 289 |
57.8 |
1.10 (0.42–2.86) |
94 / 248 |
37.9 |
1.57 (0.63–3.90) |
117 / 162 |
72.2 |
3.47 (1.14–10.55) |
| Request for care during pregnancy owing to complications | |||||||||
| No | 13 / 20 | 65.0 | - | 5 / 15 | 33.3 | - | 3 / 6 | 50.0 | - |
| Yes |
206 / 381 |
54.1 |
0.63 (0.25–1.62) |
122 / 350 |
34.9 |
1.07 (0.36–3.20) |
189 / 267 |
70.8 |
2.42 (0.48–12.27) |
| Previous hospital admission during the index pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | 181 / 334 | 54.2 | - | 84 / 294 | 28.6 | - | 120 / 185 | 64.9 | - |
| Yes |
38 / 67 |
56.7 |
1.11 (0.65–1.88) |
43 / 69 |
62.3 |
4.14 (2.39–7.16) |
68 / 81 |
84.0 |
2.83 (1.46–5.51) |
| Accessibility to hospital (in time), minb | |||||||||
| <60 | 22 / 36 | 61.1 | 0.74 (0.37–1.49) | 9 / 32 | 28.1 | 1.44 (0.64–3.23) | 11 / 19 | 57.9 | 1.81 (0.70–4.70) |
| ≥60 |
194 / 361 |
53.7 |
- |
98 / 272 |
36.0 |
- |
172 / 241 |
71.4 |
- |
|
Characteristics at delivery
| |||||||||
| Gestational age at delivery, wk | |||||||||
| <28 | 22/ 46 | 47.8 | - | 4 / 31 | 12.9 | - | 25 / 41 | 61.0 | - |
| 28–31 | 72 / 113 | 63.7 | 1.92 (0.96–3.84) | 43 / 99 | 43.4 | 5.18 (1.69–15.93) | 75 / 101 | 74.3 | 1.85 (0.86–3.99) |
| 32–33 | 83 / 131 | 63.4 | 1.89 (0.96–3.72) | 60 / 146 | 41.1 | 4.71 (1.57–14.16) | 63 / 85 | 74.1 | 1.83 (0.83–4.05) |
| 34 |
42 / 111 |
37.8 |
0.66 (0.33–1.33) |
20 / 89 |
22.5 |
1.96 (0.61–6.25) |
40 / 59 |
67.8 |
1.35 (0.59–3.10) |
| Type of preterm birth | |||||||||
| Spontaneous preterm birth (unknown cause) | 78 / 168 | 46.4 | - | 31 / 144 | 21.5 | - | 60 / 107 | 56.1 | - |
| Preterm birth with PPROMc | 60 / 102 | 58.8 | 1.64 (1.01–2.71) | 45 / 95 | 47.4 | 3.28 (1.86–5.78) | 82 / 93 | 88.2 | 5.84 (2.80–12.19) |
| Medically indicated preterm birth |
79 / 129 |
61.2 |
1.82 (1.14–2.91) |
51 / 126 |
40.5 |
2.48 (1.45–4.23) |
60 / 84 |
71.4 |
1.96 (1.07–3.60) |
| Time from admission to delivery, h | |||||||||
| <3 | 45 / 122 | 36.9 | - | 20 / 141 | 14.2 | - | 23 / 67 | 34.3 | - |
| 3–11.59 | 60 / 104 | 57.7 | 2.34 (1.37–3.99) | 18 / 88 | 20.5 | 1.56 (0.77–3.14) | 36 / 46 | 78.3 | 6.89 (2.90–16.33) |
| 12–23.59 | 33 / 62 | 53.2 | 1.95 (1.05–3.62) | 12 / 28 | 42.9 | 4.54 (1.87–11.00) | 19 / 22 | 86.4 | 12.12 (3.24–45.26) |
| ≥24 | 80 / 108 | 74.1 | 4.89 (2.78-8.61) | 77 / 103 | 74.8 | 17.92 (9.36–34.29) | 115 / 131 | 87.8 | 13.75 (6.65–28.43) |
a
Only multiparous women were considered.
b
Time taken to travel from the woman's house to the health facility.
c
PPROM, preterm premature rupture of membranes.