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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. 2012 Jun 12;37(11):1240–1247. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.008

Table 2.

Distribution of Childhood and Adolescent Risk Factors for a Substance Use Disorder (SUD), Depression, and their Comorbidity: Means, Percentages, and Statistical Significance (N=1,181)

1
SUD with
Depression		 2
SUD
without
Depression		 3
Depression
without a
SUD		 4
Neither		 Statistical
Significance
Individual Risk Factors
Low Self-Controla   1.25   1.35   1.22   1.07 1>4*; 2>4**
Angry/Aggressive Feelings Scaleb 20.95 18.99 20.87 17.84 1>4**; 3>4**
Depressive Feelings Scaleb 14.80 13.97 15.75 13.82 3>4*
Onset of Marijuana Useb   1.37   1.11   0.80   0.83 1>4**; 2>4**; 1>3**; 2>3*
High School Dropoutc 34.12% 38.82% 25.86% 22.74% 1>4*; 2>4**
Familial Risk Factors
Mothers’ Years of Schoolinga 10.69 10.62 10.03 10.70 3<4*
Mothers’ Frequent Depressive Feelingsa,b 25.59% 23.68% 27.21% 25.75%
Family Substance Useb 41.17% 42.60% 35.93% 42.90%
Family Conflict Scaleb   4.14   3.57   4.34   3.58 1>2*; 1>4*; 3>2**; 3>4**
Low Parental Supervisionb 32.02% 19.17% 23.19% 20.41%
a

reported in childhood (age 6)

b

reported in adolescence (age 16)

c

compiled through retrospective self-reports in adulthood and Board of Education Records

**

p<0.01,

*

p<0.05 based on unadjusted multinomial regression with all possible reference groups.