Table 3.
Multivariate Model of HCAHPS Composite and Stand-Alone Measures Predicted by Gender, and Other Patient and Hospital Characteristics, Including Gender Interactions, Adjusted for Survey Mode, Patient-Mix, and Hospital Random Effects (N = 1,971,632)
| Nurse Communication | Doctor Communication | Staff Responsiveness | Pain Management | Communication about Medicines | Discharge Information | Cleanliness | Quietness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female gender | −0.83*** | 0.91*** | −1.69*** | −0.32** | −3.34*** | −1.71*** | −3.70*** | −0.23 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 18–24 | −4.89*** | −5.44*** | −8.45*** | −7.68*** | −1.24*** | −5.20*** | −0.05 | 1.66*** |
| 25–34 | −3.99*** | −4.16*** | −5.56*** | −6.15*** | −1.18*** | −3.20*** | −0.78*** | 1.43*** |
| 35–44 | −2.88*** | −2.51*** | −4.02*** | −4.38*** | −1.25*** | −1.81*** | −0.97*** | −0.76*** |
| 45–54 | −1.43*** | −1.44*** | −1.98*** | −2.44*** | −0.90*** | −0.90*** | −0.51*** | −1.40*** |
| 55–64 (reference) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 65–74 | 0.33*** | 0.51*** | 0.47*** | 0.89*** | −0.11 | −0.61*** | 0.35*** | 0.48*** |
| 75–84 | −0.29*** | −0.68*** | −0.32*** | 0.12 | −2.22*** | −2.91*** | 1.60*** | 0.87*** |
| 85+ | −1.74*** | −2.26*** | −2.19*** | −1.43*** | −5.80*** | −4.08*** | 2.85*** | 1.43*** |
| Female×age interaction† | 0.05** | −0.16*** | −0.15*** | −0.17*** | 0.07 | −0.74*** | 0.35*** | −0.16*** |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white (reference) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Hispanic | 0.66*** | 1.15*** | 0.78*** | 1.11*** | 2.31*** | 1.25*** | 0.04 | 4.29*** |
| African American | 1.92*** | 1.51*** | 0.67*** | 1.16*** | 3.26*** | −0.37* | 1.86*** | 7.95*** |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | −1.27*** | −0.99*** | −1.87*** | −3.02*** | 0.40 | −0.52 | −2.43*** | 4.27*** |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | −0.33 | −1.15*** | −0.17 | −0.87** | 0.79 | −1.36** | 0.09 | 2.96*** |
| Multiracial | −0.06 | −0.92*** | −0.07 | −1.33*** | 0.01 | −0.90** | 0.72** | 2.14*** |
| Unknown | −2.61*** | −2.79*** | −2.92*** | −3.06*** | −4.25*** | −3.98*** | −2.51*** | −0.06 |
| Female×Hispanic | 0.34** | 0.31** | 0.56*** | 1.15*** | 1.71*** | 0.54* | 0.37* | −0.43* |
| Female×African American | 0.35*** | 0.10 | 0.57*** | 1.20*** | 1.30*** | −0.47* | −0.22 | −0.67*** |
| Female×Asian/Pacific Islander | 0.38 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 1.08*** | 3.16*** | 2.39*** | 1.72*** | −1.51*** |
| Female×American Indian/Alaska Native | −0.87** | −0.27 | −0.75 | −0.25 | −0.50 | 0.34 | −0.87* | −0.78 |
| Female×multiracial | −0.59** | −0.13 | −1.00** | −0.30 | −0.45 | −0.26 | −0.89** | −0.92** |
| Female×unknown | −0.15 | 0.00 | −0.09 | 0.41 | 0.34 | −0.50 | −0.09 | 0.24 |
| Self-rated health‡ | 2.58*** | 2.72*** | 3.31*** | 3.53*** | 4.07*** | 1.92*** | 2.15*** | 2.34*** |
| Female × self-rated health‡ | 0.27*** | 0.16*** | 0.42*** | 0.28*** | 0.04 | 0.36*** | 0.09* | 0.04 |
| Education§ | −0.62*** | −0.53*** | −0.93*** | −0.75*** | −1.66*** | −0.82*** | −0.63*** | −1.73*** |
| Female × education§ | −0.25*** | −0.27*** | −0.31*** | −0.49*** | −0.81*** | −0.64*** | −0.51*** | −0.35*** |
| Hospital ownership | ||||||||
| For-profit (reference) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Government | 2.53*** | 1.93*** | 3.45*** | 1.68*** | 4.18*** | 0.46 | 2.64*** | 0.72 |
| Nonprofit | 1.84*** | 0.72*** | 1.37*** | 0.99*** | 2.20*** | 1.20*** | 1.78*** | −2.66*** |
| Female×government | 0.49*** | 0.07 | 0.62*** | 0.39** | 0.60* | 0.08 | 0.58*** | 0.21 |
| Female×nonprofit | 0.27** | −0.09 | 0.68*** | 0.17 | −0.07 | −0.75*** | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| Random effects (variance) | ||||||||
| Hospital variance | 12.58*** | 9.15*** | 31.02*** | 10.61*** | 32.59*** | 31.25*** | 19.64*** | 43.00*** |
| Female×hospital variance | 0.48*** | 0.28*** | 1.69*** | 0.40*** | 1.56*** | 3.30*** | 2.62*** | 1.07*** |
| Residual variance | 306.07*** | 299.11*** | 542.40*** | 389.68*** | 868.32*** | 1061.24*** | 585.97*** | 711.72*** |
p < .001,
p < .01,
p < .05.
Age specified in linear form was recoded so that values ranged from −4 to +3 where −4 = age 18–24, −3 = age 25–34, −2 = age 35–44, −1 = age 45–54, 0 = age 55–64, 1 = age 65–74, 2 = age 75–84, and 3 = age 85+.
Self-rated health was recoded so that values ranged from −2 to +2, where −2 = poor, −1 = fair, 0 = good, 1 = very good, and 2 = excellent.
Education was recoded so that values ranged from −2 to +3 where −2 = 8 grade or less, −1 = some high school, 0 = high school graduate or GED, 1 = some college or 2-year degree, 2 = 4-year college graduate, and 3 = more than 4-year college degree.