Table 1.
Longitudinal and Secular (1999-2004) Changes in Parental Encouragement for Healthful Eating, Physical Activity, and Dieting to Control Weighta
| Longitudinal Trend: Younger Adolescents | Longitudinal Trend: Older Adolescents | Secular Trend | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Adolescence, 1999 | Middle Adolescence, 2004 | Middle Adolescence, 1999 | Late Adolescence, 2004 | Middle Adolescence change, 2004-1999 | ||||
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | p for longitudinal trend | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | p for longitudinal trend | Mean Change (SE) | p for secular trend | |
| Parental Encouragement to Eat Healthful Foods (Range: 1-4) | ||||||||
| Males | 3.0 (.05) | 2.7 (.05) | <.001 | 2.8 (.04) | 2.7 (.04) | .03 | -.06 (.07)b | .41 |
| Females | 3.1 (.05) | 2.7 (.05) | <.001 | 2.8 (.03) | 2.8 (.03) | .26 | -.10 (.06) | .12 |
| Parental Encouragement to be Physically Active (Range: 1-4) | ||||||||
| Males | 3.2 (.05) | 2.9 (.06) | <.001 | 3.0 (.04) | 2.8 (.04) | <.001 | -.10 (.07) | .15 |
| Females | 3.1 (.05) | 2.7 (.05) | <.001 | 2.8 (.04) | 2.7 (.03) | .11 | -.07 (.07) | .26 |
| Parental Encouragement to Diet to Control Weight (Range: 1-4) | ||||||||
| Males | 1.7 (.05) | 1.4 (.05) | <.001 | 1.6 (.03) | 1.5 (.03) | .02 | -.14 (.06) | .03 |
| Females | 1.6 (.04) | 1.5 (.04) | .02 | 1.5 (.03) | 1.6 (.03) | .003 | .01 (.06) | .80 |
a
Models adjusted for race/ethnicity, SES, age, and BMI
b
Explanation of secular trend value: For example, in 2004 middle-adolescent males reported lower (-.06 units) parental encouragement to eat healthful food compared to middle-adolescent males in 1999. This decrease was not statistically significant.