. 2011 Dec 15;2:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7858. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7858

Table 2.

Between-group standardised mean differences (SMDs)

f/u 1 (<3 to 8 months)		Post-traumatic stress symptoms								Intrusion								Avoidance
Authors, year	f/u time point	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure
Berkowitz et al. (2011)	Up to 2 months	48	48	−0.71	−1.12	to	−0.30	n.s.	TSCC,PTSD-RI	42	42	−0.41	−0.84	to	.03	n.s.	PTSD-RI	42	42	−50	−93	to	−0.06	<.05	PTSD-RI
Cox et al. (2010)	4–6 weeks	30	32	0.11	−0.39	to	0.60	n.s.	TSCC-A					to								to
Kenardy et al. (2010)	1 month	16	36	0.24	−0.35	to	0.83	n.s.	CIES	17	37	0.15	−0.43	to	0.72	n.s.	CIES	16	36	0.18	−0.41	to	0.77	n.s.	CIES
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 7–11 years)	2 months	22	28	0.27	−0.29	To	0.83	n.s.	CAPS-CA	22	28	0.36	−0.20	to	0.92	n.s.	CAPS	22	27	0.22	−0.35	to	0.78	n.s.	CAPS
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 12–16 years)	2 months	27	22	.05	−0.51	to	0.62	n.s.	CAPS-CA	27	22	0.06	−0.51	to	0.62	n.s.	CAPS	27	22	0.18	−0.39	to	0.74	n.s.	CAPS
Total		143	166	−10	−0.33	to	0.12	n.s.	Q:sign	108	129	−0.03	−0.29	to	0.23	n.s.	Q: n.s.	107	127	−0.06	−0.32	to	0.20	n.s.	Q: n.s.


f/u 1 (<3 to 8 months)		Arousal								Dissociation								Depression
Authors, year	f/u time point	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure

Berkowitz et al. (2011)	Up to 2 months	42	42	−0.48	−0.91	to	−0.04	<.05	PTSD-RI	53	53	−2.57	−3.08	to	−2.05	<.01	TSCC
Cox et al. (2010)	4–6 weeks									30	32	−0.01	−0.51	to	0.49	n.s	TSCC-A	30	32	0.09	−0.40	to	0.59	n.s.	TSCC-A
2008)	1 month
Zehnder et al. (2008) (Subgroup 7–11 years)	2 months	22	28	0.08	−0.48	to	0.64	n.s.	CAPS									22	28	−0.53	−1.10	to	0.03	n.s.	CDI
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 12–16 years)	2 months	27	22	−0.05	−0.62	to	0.51	n.s.	CAPS									27	22	0.09	−0.48	to	0.65	n.s.	CDI
Total		91	92	−0.21	−0.50	to	0.08	n.s.	Q: n.s.	83	85	−1.25	−1.61	to	−0.89	<0.001	Q: sign	79	82	−0.10	−0.41	to	0.21	n.s.	Q: n.s.


f/u 1 (<3 to 8 months)		Anxiety								Anger								Behaviour (Proxy reported)
Authors, year	f/u time point	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure

Berkowitz et al. (2011)	Up to 2 months	53	53	−3.44	−4.04	to	−2.84	<.01	TSCC
Cox et al. (2010)	4–6 weeks	30	32	0.32	−0.18	to	0.82	n.s.	TSCC-A	30	32	−0.04	−0.54	to	0.46	n.s.	TSCC-A
Kenardy et al. (2008)	1 month	28	56	0.35	−0.11	to	0.80	n.s.	SCAS
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 7–11 years)	2 months																	22	28	−0.46		to	0.10	n.s.	CBCL
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 12–16 years)	2 months																	27	22	0.57	−0.01	to	1.14	n.s.	CBCL
Total		111	141	−0.58	−0.87	to	−0.28	<.001	Q: Sign	30	32	−0.04	−0.54	to	0.46	n.s.	Q: –	49	50	0.04	−0.36	to	0.45	n.s.	Q: Sign


f/u 2 (<3 to 8 months)		Post-traumatic stress symptoms								Intrusion								Avoidance
Authors, year	f/u time point	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure

Berkowitz et al. (2011)	3 months	48	47	−0.72	−1.14	to	−0.31	<.01	TSCC, PTSD-RI	42	41	−0.64	−1.08	to	−0.20	<.01	PTSD-RI	42	41	−0.47	−0.90	to	−0.03	<0.05	PTSD-RI
Cox et al. (2010)	6 months	31	28	−0.13	−0.64	to	0.38	n.s.	TSCC-A
Kenardy et al. (2008)	6 months	17	37	0.87	0.27	to	1.47	<.01	CIES	16	36	0.65	0.05	to	1.25	<.05	CIES	17	37	0.81	0.22	to	1.14	<0.01	CIES
2001)	6 months	55	32	0.00	−0.44	to	0.44	n.s.	IES													to
2006)	8 months	70	62	−0.08	−0.42	to	0.26	n.s.	CIES	70	62	−0.05	−0.39	to	0.30	n.s.	CIES	70	62	0.01	−0.33	to	0.35	n.s.	CIES
Yule et al. (1992)	5 months	24	15	−1.00	−1.68	to	−0.31	<.01	IES	24	15	−0.97	−165	to	−0.29	<.01	IES	24	15	−0.60	1.26	to	0.05	n.s.	IES
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 7–11 years)	6 months	22	28	−0.01	−0.57	to	0.55	n.s.	CAPS-CA	22	28	−0.07	−0.63	to	0.49	n.s.	CAPS	22	27	0.08	−0.48	to	0.65	n.s.	CAPS
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 12–16 years)	6 months	27	22	0.22	−0.35	to	0.78	n.s.	CAPS-CA	27	22	0.33	−0.24	to	0.89	n.s.	CAPS	27	22	0.09	−0.47	to	0.66	n.s.	CAPS
Total		294	271	−0.13	−0.30	to	0.04	n.s.	Q: Sign	201	204	−0.13	−0.33	to	0.07	n.s.	Q: Sign	202	204	−0.04	−0.23	to	0.16	n.s.	Q: Sign


f/u 2 (<3 to 8 months)		Arousal								Dissociation								Depression
Authors, year	f/u time point	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure

Berkowitz et al. (2011)	3 months	42	40	−0.36	−0.79	to	0.08	n.s.	PTSD-RI	53	53	−2.22	−2.71	to	−1.74	<.01	TSCC
Cox et al. (2010)	6 months									31	28	−0.19	−0.70	to	0.32	n.s.	TSCC-A	31	28	−0.15	−0.66	to	0.37	n.s.	TSCC-A
Kenardy et al. (2008)	6 months
Poijula et al. (2001)	6 months
Stallard et al. (2006)	8 months	70	62	−0.05	−0.39	to	0.29	n.s.	CIES									70	62	−0.16	−0.51	to	0.18	n.s.	BDI
Yule et al. (1992)	5 months																	24	15	−0.26	−0.91	to	039	n.s.	BDI
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 7–11 years)	6 months	22	28	−0.04	−0.60	to	0.52	n.s.	CAPS									22	28	−0.69	−1.26	to	−0.11	<0.5	CDI
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 12–16 years)	6 months	27	22	0.15	−0.41	to	0.72	n.s.	CAPS									27	22	0.26	−0.30	to	0.83	n.s.	CDI
Total		161	152	−0.10	−0.32	to	0.12	n.s.	Q: n.s.	84	81	−1.26	−1.62	to	−0.91	<.001	Q: Sign	174	155	−0.18	−0.40	to	0.04	n.s.	Q: n.s.


f/u 2 (<3 to 8 months)		Anxiety								Fear								Anger
Authors, year	f/u time point	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure

Berkowitz et al. (2011)	3 months	53	53	−1.59	−2.03	to	−1.15	<.01	TSCC
Cox et al. (2010)	6 months	31	28	−0.21	−0.72	to	0.30	n.s.	TSCC-A									31	28	−0.49	−1.01	to	0.03	n.s.	TSCC-A
Kenardy et al. (2008)	6 months	28	56	0.03	−0.43	to	0.48	n.s.	SCAS
Poijula et al. (2001)	6 months
Stallard et al. (2006)	8 months	70	62	−0.08	−0.42	to	0.27	n.s.	R-MAS
Yule et al. (1992)	5 months	24	15	−0.09	−0.73	to	0.56	n.s	R-MAS	24	15	−0.51	−1.17	to	0.14	n.s.	Fear survey schedule for children
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 7–11 years)	6 months
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 12–16 years)	6 months
Total		206	214	−0.40	−0.60	to	−0.20	<.001	Sign	24	15	−0.51	−1.17	to	0.14	n.s.	–	31	28	−0.49	−1.01	to	0.03	n.s.	−


f/u 2 (<3 to 8 months)		Behaviour (self-reported)								Behaviour (proxy reported)								Bereavement
Authors, year	f/u time point	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		p	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure	n (Intervention)	n (Control)	SMD		CI		P	Measure

Berkowitz et al. (2011)	3 months
Cox et al. (2010)	6 months
Kenardy et al. (2008)	6 months
Poijula et al. (2001)	6 months																	43	18	−0.06	−0.6	to	0.49	n.s.	HSIB
Stallard et al. (2006)	8 months	70	62	−0.28	−0.62	to	0.06	n.s.	SDO
Yule et al. (1992)	5 months
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 7–11 y)	6 months									22	28	−0.69	−1.27	to	−0.12	<.05	CBCL
Zehnder et al. (2010) (Subgroup 12–16 y)	6 months									27	22	0.46	−0.11	to	1.03	n.s.	CNCL
Total		70	62	−0.28	−0.62	to	0.06	n.s.	Q: –	49	50	−0.11	−0.52	to	0.29	n.s.	Q: Sign	43	18	−0.06	−0.61	to	0.49	n.s.	Q: –

BDI, Birleson Depression Inventory; CAPS-CA, post-traumatic stress disorder scale for children and adolescents; CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; CDI, Children's depression inventory; CIES, Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale; DIKJ, German version of the Children's depression inventory (CDI); HSIB, Hogan Sibling Inventory of Bereavement; IBS-P-KJ, German version of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA); IES, The Impact of Events Scale.