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. 2012 Mar 22;9:E75.

Table 3.

Multivariable Regression Model of Premature Mortality by Income, 3,130 US Counties, 2002-2006a

County Characteristic SD County Groupb
Low-Income (n = 785) High-Income (n = 784)
β (SE) P Valuec % Changed β (SE) P Valuec % Changed
Income
Median household income 8.9 0.01 (0.02) .55 1.2 −0.03 (0.01) <.001 −2.5
Income inequality (Gini indexe) 3.5 0.003 (0.01) .58 0.3 0.03 (0.01) <.001 2.8
Region
Northeast 1 −0.21 (0.12) .07 −18.8 −0.10 (0.08) .19 −9.9
Midwest 1 −0.12 (0.17) .48 −11.2 −0.19 (0.07) <.001 −17.3
South 1 0.02 (0.11) .83 2.3 −0.13 (0.11) .23 −12.0
West 1 1 [Reference]
Population density per square mile
<17 1 0.03 (0.02) .20 2.6 −0.05 (0.04) .21 −4.5
17-42 1 −0.01 (0.01) .40 −1.3 −0.02 (0.02) .49 −1.5
43-103 1 0.01 (0.01) .46 1.0 0.004 (0.01) .64 0.05
>103 1 1 [Reference]
Race/ethnicity
% Non-Hispanic white 16.1 1 [Reference]
% Non-Hispanic black 14.5 0.03 (0.01) <.001 2.7 0.06 (0.01) .001 5.9
% Nonblack, nonwhite 8.0 0.003 (0.005) .47 0.3 0.03 (0.02) .10 2.7
% Hispanic 12.5 −0.05 (0.01) <.001 −4.9 −0.05 (0.01) <.001 −5.0
Health care access and quality
Uninsured residents, % 6.1 −0.04 (0.01) <.001 −4.4 −0.0003 (0.01) .97 0
Preventable hospital stays per 1,000 36.0 0.02 (0.003) <.001 2.4 0.07 (0.01) <.001 7.6
Primary care providers per 1,000 59.6 0.01 (0.01) .03 1.2 0.02 (0.004) <.001 2.2
Socioenvironmental factors
High school freshman graduation rate 12.3 −0.02 (0.01) <.001 −2.2 −0.02 (0.01) .01 −2.1
Adults with a 4-year college degree, % 8.4 −0.04 (0.01) <.001 −4.3 −0.05 (0.01) <.001 −5.3
Children living below federal poverty guidelines, % 9.0 0.03 (0.01) <.001 3.1 0.01 (0.01) .03 2.4
Single-parent households, % 2.8 0.02 (−.01) <.001 2.2 0.002 (0.01) .76 0.2
Behavioral factors, %
Residents who smoke 5.9 0.05 (0.01) <.001 5.1 0.06 (0.01) <.001 6.2
Obese residents 3.9 0.004 (0.01) .56 0.4 0.04 (0.01) <.001 4.2

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.

a

Model adjusted for all categories listed in table and includes an intercept term. Premature mortality defined as all-cause, age-adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 population aged birth to 75 years, averaged from 2002 through 2006.

b

β coefficients for continuous covariates reflect the percentage change in the premature mortality rate associated with each SD change in the predictor.

c

Calculated by using [EXP(Beta)-1]*100.

d

Percentage change in premature mortality associated with a 1 SD increase in the covariate (or Northeast, Midwest, South vs West; <17, 17-42, 43-104 vs >104 people per square mile).

e

The Gini index scores income inequality in resources from 0 (complete equality) to 100 (complete inequality).