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Analogies between animal and plant defense-signaling pathways. (A) Early signaling events of the tomato wound response (47). (B) Early signaling events of the animal inflammatory response (20). A, plasma membrane proton ATPase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; IP3, inositoltriphosphate; PLA2, phospholipase A2; PLC, phospholipase C; PM, plasma membrane; R, receptor; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; V, vacuole.
