Table 3. Basal ganglia and cerebellar activations: Healthy subjects vs. Patients with Parkinson’s disease.
| Basal ganglia | Ballistic > Stepwise | Stepwise > Ballistic | Circle > Step-tracking | Stept + Circ > Ball+ Stepw | ||||
| contralateral (left) | HC (PD↓,PD↑) | X,Y,Z | HC (PD↓,PD↑) | X,Y,Z | HC (PD↓,PD↑) | X,Y,Z | HC (PD↓,PD↑) | X,Y,Z |
| ventral caudate nucleus | + PD↓ | −6,12, −2 | ||||||
| ventral putamen | PD↑ | −24, −8, −6 | ||||||
| dorsal putamen | + * PD↓ | −24,−2, 16 | PD↑ | −24, 6, 16 | + ** PD↓ | −20, −4, 10 | ||
| pallidum | PD↑ | −20, −10, 10 | + PD↓ | X | + PD↓ | −20, −4, 8 | ||
| subthalamic nucleus | + PD↓ | −8,0,−12 | ||||||
| substantia nigra | + PD↓ | −8, −14, −14 | ||||||
| ventral ant. thalamus | PD↑ | −4, −8, 10 | ||||||
| dorsal thalamus (pulvinar) | + PD↓ | −2, −16, 4 | PD↑ | −18, −26, 12 | PD↑ | x | ||
| ipsilateral (right) | ||||||||
| ventral caudate nucleus | + PD↓ | 12, 24, 4 | ||||||
| ventral putamen | + PD↓ | −22,16,8 | ||||||
| dorsal caudate nucleus | PD↑ | 14, 6, 12 | ||||||
| medial putamen | PD↓ | 26, −8, 4 | + PD↓ | 26, 6, −2 | ||||
| dorsal putamen | + * PD↓ | 24, 16, 6 | + * PD↓ | 26, 16, 16 | + ** PD↓ | 26, −10, 10 | ||
| pallidum | PD↑ | 16, −4, 0 | + PD↓ | 16,−2,2 | + PD↓ | 20,−6,2 | + PD↓ | 20, −4, 8 |
| subthalamic nucleus | + PD↓ | −18, 0, −10 | ||||||
| substantia nigra | + PD↓ | 8, −14, −14 | ||||||
| ventral ant. thalamus | ||||||||
| dorsal thalamus (pulvinar) | + PD↓ | 18, −20, 10 | ||||||
| Cerebellum | ||||||||
| contralateral (left) | ||||||||
| lobus anterior | + PD = | + PD = | + PD↓ | −10, −52, −22 | ||||
| lobus posterior | + PD↓ | −12, −62, −38 | + PD = | + PD↑ | −42, −66, −18 | |||
| crus | + PD↑ | −24, −78, −28 | PD↑ | −20, −86, −22 | ||||
| ipsilateral (right) | ||||||||
| lobus anterior | + PD↑ | 10, −64, −20 | + PD = | + PD↓ | 24, −48, −24 | |||
| lobus posterior | + PD↓ | 22, −68, −22 | + PD = | + PD↑ | 20, −72, −26 | |||
| crus | + PD↑ | 38, −72, −30 | + PD↑ | 28, −70, −30 | ||||
Overview of activation in the basal ganglia (BG) and cerebellum for four contrasts and differences between healthy subjects (HC) and patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) concerning abrupt movement initiation and inhibition (BG: p<0.05 (extended threshold: k = 30 voxels), cerebellum: p<0.01, (extended threshold: k = 10 voxels)). ‘Ball’ = ballistic movement, ‘Stepw’ = stepwise movement, ‘Stept’ = step-tracking movement and ‘Cir’ = circle movement. ‘+’ = area activated in HC. In case of a significant difference in region-specific activation between patients and healthy subjects, this is indicated using arrows: ↓ = PD< HC, ↑ = PD> HC.
= anterior dorsal putamen,
= posterior dorsal putamen. ‘x’ indicates those BG regions that were part of a larger cluster and for which a specific coordinate could not be found.