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Schematic of 2D and 3D stretching devices. Stretching of a 2D cell layer is achieved via pneumatic deformation of the membrane (A), clamp arm mechanism (B), and bending (C). Stretching of 3D cell–scaffold constructs is accomplished via pneumatic deformation (D) and clamping mechanism (E). 2D, two-dimensional; 3D, three-dimensional. Color images available online at www.liebertonline.com/teb
