FIG. 4.

Major stretch-induced mechanotransduction signaling elements, including integrins, force-sensitive kinases and proteins, cytoskeletal elements, stretch-activated ion channels, membranes, ions, and so on. ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Pax, paxillin; ROCK, RhoA kinase; Tal, talin; TGF, transforming growth factor; VASP, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Vin, vinculin. Color images available online at www.liebertonline.com/teb