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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012 Aug;112(8):1201–1210. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.05.004

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Plasmaconcentrations of blood ur ea nitrogen (A), insulin (B), total amino acids (C) and ghrelin (D) in subjects with PKU consuming a low-phe diet made with glycomacropeptide (GMP) compared with amino acids (AA) for 4 days in an inpatient study. Consuming a GMP diet resulted in significantly lower postprandial (PP) (2.5 hr after breakfast) blood urea nitrogen concentration and significantly higher PP total AA concentration with moderately higher insulin concentration compared with the AA diet. This response is consistent with improved protein retention and decreased ureagenesis due to ingestion of GMP. With the AA diet, there was no significant difference in concentration of the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin after an overnight fast compared with 2.5 hours after breakfast. In contrast, following the GMP diet, PP ghrelin concentration was significantly reduced compared to an overnight fast consistent with the expected response of meal-induced satiety. * indicates significantly different from PP concentrations with the AA diet. Values are means ± SE. Data shown were previously reported as original research findings in references 55 and 57.