Table 2.

Effects of IL-19 on resident vascular cells.

Tissue type	Effect	Species	Source
EC	Autoinduces IL-19 expression	h	[40]
	Activates STAT3, Rac1, and MAPK p44/42	h	[40]
	Increases EC proliferation	h	[40]
	Increases EC spreading, and migration	h	[40]
	Proangiogenic (increase tube, microvessel formation)	m	[40]
	Inhibits HuR nucleocytoplasmic translocation	h	[67]
VSMC	Inhibits proliferation, hyperplasia	h, r	[41]
	Autoinduces IL-19 expression	h	[41]
	STAT3 phosphorylation, translocation	h	[41]
	Increases SOCS5 expression	h	[41]
	Inhibits MAPKs (p44/42, p38)	h	[41]
	Decreases inflammatory, proliferative proteins, and mRNAs	h	[68]
	Decreases HuR protein abundance	h	[68]
	Inhibits HuR nucleocytoplasmic translocation	h	[68]
	Decreases ARE-bearing mRNA stability	h	[68]
	Inhibits PKCα activation	h	[68]
	Inhibits migration, spreading	h	[69]
	Inhibits activation of MLC, cofilin, Hsp70, Rac1, and RhoA	h	[69]
	STAT3-dependent increase heme oxygenase-1 expression	h	[70]
	Decreases ROS in vitro and in vivo	h, m	[70]
	Inhibits apoptosis	h	[70]

Abbreviations: h: human, m: mouse, r: rat.