Table 1.

Temperament and character description (reproduced with permission of C. R. Cloninger).

Temperament and character descriptors
Temperament	High scores	Low scores
Harm avoidance	Worrying and pessimistic;	Relaxed and optimistic;
	fearful and doubtful;	bold and confident;
	shy;	outgoing;
	fatigable.	vigorous.
Novelty seeking	Exploratory and curious;	Indifferent;
	impulsive;	reflective;
	extravagant and enthusiastic;	frugal and detached;
	disorderly.	orderly and regimented.
Reward dependance	Sentimental and warm;	Practical and cold;
	dedicated and attached;	withdraw and detached;
	dependent.	independent.
Persistence	Industrious and diligent;	Inactive and indolent;
	hard working;	gives up easily;
	ambitious and overachiever;	modest and underachiever;
	perseverant and perfectionist.	quitting and pragmatist.
Character
Self-directedness	Mature and strong;	Immature and fragile;
	responsible and reliable;	blaming and unreliable;
	purposeful;	purposeless;
	resourceful and effective;	inert and ineffective;
	self-accepted;	self-striving;
	habits congruent with long-term goals.	habits incongruent with long-term goals.
Cooperativeness	Socially tolerant;	Socially intolerant;
	empathic;	critical;
	helpful;	unhelpful;
	compassionate and constructive;	revengeful and destructive;
	ethical and principled.	opportunistic.
Self-transcendence	Wise and patient;	Impatient;
	creative and self-forgetful;	unimaginative and self-conscious;
	united with the universe.	pride and lack of humility.