Table 1.
Malaria vaccine antigens expressed in plants.
| Malaria antigens | Plant/expression system | Expression level | Functional evaluation | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asexual blood stage antigens | ||||
| P. falciparum MSP119 (PfMSP119) | Tobacco/nuclear transformation | 0.0035% TSP | Not reported | [30] |
| P. falciparum MSP142 (PfMSP142) | A. thaliana seeds/nuclear transformation | 5% TSP | Immunoreactivity to sera from malaria-infected patients | [35] |
| P. yoelii MSP4/5 (PyMSP4/5) | Tobacco/nuclear transformation Tobacco/magnICON |
0.02–0.04% TSP 10% TSP (1-2 mg/g FW) |
Immunogenic by i.p. and oral delivery to mice Induction of specific antibodies by oral delivery or primed by a DNA vaccine to mice |
[25] [33] |
| P. yoelii MSP119 (PyMSP119) | Tobacco/magnICON | 23% TSP (3-4 mg/g FW) | Immunogenic by i.p. delivery with Freund's adjuvant or oral administration without any adjuvant | [65] |
| P. falciparum AMA1 (PfAMA1) | Tobacco/chloroplast transformation Lettuce/chloroplast transformation |
13.1% TPS 7.3% TSP |
Induction of specific antibodies in s.c. and orally immunized mice Immunoreactivity to native parasite proteins |
[36] |
| P. falciparum MSP1 (PfMSP1) | Tobacco/chloroplast transformation Lettuce/chloroplast transformation |
10.1% TSP 6.1% TSP |
Induction of specific antibodies in s.c. and orally immunized mice Immunoreactivity to native parasite proteins |
[36] |
| P. vivax MSP1 (PvMSP1) | B. napus/nuclear transformation | Not reported | Induction of antigen-specific IgG1 and increase in Th1-related cytokines IL-12 (p40), TNF, and IFN-γ in orally immunized mice | [39] |
| P. vivax CSP (PvCSP) | B. napus/nuclear transformation | Not reported | Induction of antigen-specific IgG1 and increase in Th1-related cytokines IL-12 (p40), TNF, and IFN-γ in orally immunized mice | [39] |
|
| ||||
| Sexual stage antigens | ||||
| P. falciparum P230 (Pfs230) | Tobacco/agroinfiltration | 800 mg/kg FW | Induction of transmission-blocking antibodies in s.c. and i.m. immunized mice Immunoreactivity to native parasite proteins | [38] |
| P. falciparum P25 (Pfs25) | Tobacco/agroinfiltration | 0.25 and 0.4 mg/g FW | Induction of transmission-blocking antibodies in i.m. immunized mice Immunoreactivity to native parasite proteins | [37] |
TSP: total soluble protein. FW: fresh weight. i.p.: intraperitoneal. i.s.: intrasubcutaneous. i.m.: intramuscular.