Figure 2.

Effects of CS supplementation on resistance to oxidative stress and starvation. Female flies fed the control diet (CTL, open circle) and experimental diets supplemented with 10 (closed circle), 20 (open diamond), and 30 mg/mL (open triangle) CS at 29°C for 20 days. Oxidative stress tests with (a) paraquat, (b) H₂O₂, and (c) starvation treatments were then performed. Data represent the total survival time of the tested flies. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM and significantly different from the controls for each treatment at ^a P < 0.05, ^b P < 0.01, and ^c P < 0.001.