Table 1. Studies meeting criteria for inclusion in review.
| Location of study (reference) |
GNI per capita ($) |
Time period (months) |
Number of patients |
Proportion (%) of patients using contact lenses |
Method of culture | Proportion (%) of patients with positive cultures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | ||||||
| Ghana(16) | 590 | 24 | 290 | unspecified | 2 | 50 |
| Accra, Ghana(18) |
590 | unspecified | 199 | unspecified | Chocolate, Sabouraud | 64 |
|
Indian Subcontinent |
||||||
| Nepal, India(19) | 340 | 36 | 447 | unspecified | Sheep’s blood agar, Chocolate, brain- heart infusion, Sabouraud |
68 |
| Chittagong, Bangladesh(20) |
470 | unspecified | 151 | unspecified | Blood, Chocolate,thiogylcollate,Sarbarouds |
63 |
| Tamil Nadu(16) | 950 | 24 | 800 | unspecified | 1 | 69 |
| East Bengal(10) | 950 | 36 | 1198 | 0.33 | Blood, chocoloate, potatoe dextrose agar, sabarouds dextrose |
68 |
| New Delhi(2) | 950 | unspecified | 100 | 2.0 | Blood, chocolate, thioglycollate, sabarouds |
65 |
| Madurai,S. India(4) |
950 | 3 | 434 | unspecified | Sheep’s blood agar, potato dextrose agar, chocolate, brain-heart infusion |
68 |
| Hyderabad, India(21) |
950 | 95 | 1092 | unspecified | Sheep’s blood agar, Chocolate, Nonnutrient, Sarbarouds, brain-heart infusion, potato dextrose agar |
35 |
| Tamil Nadu, India (22) |
950 | 36 | 3183 | 1.04 | unspecified | 71 |
| Hyderabad, India (17) |
950 | 15 | 170 | Unspecified | Unspecified | 69.4 |
| Delhi, India (23) | 950 | 12 | 1000 | 8.2 | Unspecified | 56.8 |
| Riyadh, Saudi Arabia** (24) |
15440 | 12 | 103 | 17.48 | blood, chocolate, Sabouraud’s and thioglycolate |
unspecified for 2005** |
| Baghdad, Iraq†(25) |
2320 | 36 | 394 | 6.09 | blood, chocolate, Sabouraud’s and brainheart infusion |
58.6 |
| South America | ||||||
| Asuncion, Paraquay(14) |
1670 | 162 | 660 | unspecified | Blood,Chocolate thiogylcollate, sabarouds | 79 |
| Far East | ||||||
| Taipei, Taiwan(26) | 16590 | 120 | 453 | 44.3* | Chocolate,sheeps, sabarouds | 56 |
| Taipai, Taiwan(27) |
16590 | 12 | 314 | 9.9 | Blood,Chocolate, thiogylcollate, brainheart infusion |
43 |
| Singapore(28) | 32470 | 60 | 80 | 22.5 | Blood, chocolate,thioglycollate, sabarouds, brain heart infusion |
100 |
| Singapore(29) | 32470 | 22 | 103 | 34 | Blood,Chocolate, thiogylcollate, Sabarouds |
50 |
| Hong Kong(5) | 31610 | 17 | 223 | 26.5 | Blood,Chocolate, thiogylcollate, Sabarouds ,non-nutrient Page’s saline agar |
35 |
| Bangkok, Thailand (15) |
34000 | 47 | 127 | 24.4 | sterile kimura spatula, blood, chocolate agar, thoiglycolate |
100 |
| Australasia | ||||||
| Auckland, NZ(3) | 28780 | 24 | 98 | 26 | Blood, sabarouds, thiogylcollate, brain- heart infusion, Page’s amoebic saline |
71 |
| Christchurch, New Zealand(30) |
28780 | 60 | 78 | unspecified | Sheep’s blood agar, Chocolate | 59 |
| Adelaide(14) | 35960 | 61 | 211 | unspecified | Blood, chocolate, sabarouds | 64 |
| Victoria, Australia(7) |
35960 | 24 | 291 | 33.7 | Chocolate, Sabarouds | 49 |
| Brisbane, Australia(6) |
35960 | 60 | 231 | 22.9 | blood, MacConkey, Chocolate, sabarouds |
65 |
|
North America and Canada |
||||||
| Toronto(31) | 39420 | 25 | 95 | 11.6 | Blood, chocolate, inhibitory mould agar, thioglycollate |
63 |
| Miami(32) | 46040 | 108 | 2920 | 10.4* | Chocolate,sheep, sabouraud, thioglycollate |
50 |
| Pittsburgh(33) | 46040 | 60 | 825 | Unspecified | 4 | 100 |
| Los Angeles(12) | 46040 | 31 | 81 | Unspecified | Blood, chocolate, thioglycollate, sabarouds |
76 |
| Texas (34) | 46040 | 60 | 131 | 28.8 | scalpel blade, calcium alginate swabs or cotton tipped applicator. Chocolate, blood, thiglycollate, sabourauds dextrose |
52.5 |
| Durham, USA (35) |
46040 | 84 | 453 | unspecified | calcium alginate swabs, blood, chocolate,saborauds, thioglycolate |
68 |
| Europe | ||||||
| Paris(11) | 38500 | 21 | 291 | 50.3* | 3 | 68 |
| Laussanne, Switzerland(36) |
59880 | 21 | 85 | 36 | Blood, sarborauds, Chocolate, brain-heart infusion |
86 |
| Anatolia, Turkey (37) |
8020 | 192 | 620 | 3.2 | cotton-tipped swabs, chocolate, blood agar, sarborauds |
48.4 |
| Amsterdam and Rotterdam (38) |
45820 | 36 | 156 | 39.74 | blood agar, chocolate agar, cooked meat broth, Sabouraud agar |
58 |
sheeps blood agar, Sabarouds broth and sabarouds glucose agar and at tertiary centre brain heart infusion broth, chocolate agar and cysteine tryptone agar
sheeps blood agar, Sabarouds broth and inhibitory mould agar and at tertiary centre brain heart infusion broth, chocolate agar and cysteine tryptone agar
chocolate polyvitex agar, schaedler broth with globular extract, portagerm amies agar swab and sabouraud-chloramphencolgentamicin medium
sheep blood, chocolate, mannitol salt agar, sabourauds dextrose agar supplemented with gentamicin
paper did not specify the number of contact lens wearers. Instead they report on the number of isolates from contact lens wearers. The figure given in the table therefore represents the percentage of isolates retrieved from cases where CL wear was a risk factor
Estimated to be lower middle income ($936 to $3,705), value given in table is midpoint of this range
This paper presented paper for 1995 and 2005, only 2005 data have been extracted in our study