Table 1.
Patient characteristics, clinical measures and association with HbA1c
| Mean ± SD or n (%) |
Association with HbA1c1) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | P-value | ||
|
Anthropometrics and sociodemographics | |||
| Age (years) |
67.1 ± 10.6 |
-0.167 |
0.003 a) |
| Male gender (n, %) |
187 (57.4) |
|
0.675 b) |
| Nationality Swiss (n, %) |
291 (91.8) |
|
0.228 b) |
| Living together with partner/family (n, %) |
246 (78.3) |
|
0.392 b) |
| Still working (n, %) |
100 (32.2) |
|
0.249 b) |
| Education (years) |
11.6 ± 3.2 |
-0.027 |
0.632 a) |
| Smoking status |
|
|
0.780 c) |
| Current smoker (n, %) |
36 (11.5) |
|
|
| Former smoker (n, %) |
129 (41.1) |
|
|
| Never smoker (n, %) |
149 (47.4) |
|
|
|
Diabetes variables | |||
| Duration of diabetes (years) |
9.9 ± 7.6 |
0.019 |
0.740 a) |
| Family history of Type 2 diabetes (n, %) |
186 (57.6) |
|
0.987 b) |
| Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c, %) |
7.7 ± 1.3 |
|
|
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/l) |
8.0 ± 2.4 |
0.472 |
0.000 a) |
| Severe hypoglycaemia (≥1, %) 2) |
32 (9.8) |
|
0.937 b) |
| Hyperglycaemic episodes (≥1, %) 2) |
19 (5.8) |
|
0.091 b), 4d) |
| Self monitoring of blood glucose | |||
| none (n, %) |
65 (19.9) |
|
0.352 b) |
| daily (≥1) (n, %) |
133 (40.8) |
|
0.122 b) |
| weekly (≥1) (n, %) |
101 (31.0) |
|
0.205 b) |
| monthly (≥1) (n, %) |
27 (8.3) |
|
0.707 b) |
| Foot status (pathological; n, %) |
52 (16) |
|
0.105 b) |
| Peripheral pulse status (pathological; n, %) |
97 (29.8) |
|
0.387 b) |
| Monofilament test (pathological; n, %) |
42 (13.5) |
|
0.091 b), 4e) |
| Vibratory sensation (pathological; n, %) |
81 (24.9) |
|
0.735 b) |
| Annual dilated eye exam | |||
| pathological (n, %) |
28 (8.7) |
|
0.898 b) |
| non-pathological (n, %) |
194 (60.1) |
|
0.376 b) |
| not conducted (n, %) |
101 (31.2) |
|
0.372 b) |
|
Clinical and laboratory measures | |||
| Number of consultations last year |
8.07 ± 6.0 |
-0.051 |
0.355 a) |
| Compliance (1 = very good, 4 = very bad) |
1.87 ± 0.7 |
0.161 |
0.004 a) |
| |
|
|
0.027 c),3),4f) |
| very good |
109 (33.6) |
|
|
| rather good |
149 (46) |
|
|
| rather bad |
64 (19.8) |
|
|
| very bad |
2 (0.6) |
|
|
| Blood pressure systolic (mmHg) |
139.1 ± 17.6 |
-0.004 |
0.941 a) |
| Blood pressure diastolic (mmHg) |
80.9 ± 10.5 |
0.101 |
0.070 a) |
| Pulse |
73.7 ± 11.9 |
0.024 |
0.671 a) |
| Body-mass index (BMI; kg/m2) |
30.6 ± 5.6 |
0.137 |
0.013 a) |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
108.3 ± 12.4 |
0.105 |
0.059 a) |
| Waist-hip ratio (cm/cm) |
1.0 ± 0.1 |
0.006 |
0.910 a) |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) |
|
|
|
| Total |
4.8 ± 1.1 |
0.069 |
0.214 a) |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) |
2.7 ± 1.1 |
0.072 |
0.196 a) |
| High-density lipoprotein (HDL) |
1.2 ± 0.4 |
-0.088 |
0.113 a) |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) |
82.1 ± 26.8 |
-0.009 |
0.866 a) |
| Creatinine-Clearance according to Cockcroft | 96.3 ± 47.6 | 0.108 | 0.052 a) |
1) a) Associations HbA1c with continuous variables by Pearson correlations (coefficient), between HbA1c and categorical variables by b) t-tests and c) ANOVA.
2) In the last 12 months.
3) Compliance categories “rather bad & very bad” categorised because of “very bad” n = 2.
4) HbA1c (%) mean per category of significant t-test and ANOVA results (p < 0.010): d) Hyperglycaemic episodes: yes = 8.5, no = 7.6; e) Monofilament test: pathological = 7.5, non-pathological = 7.8; f) Compliance: very good = 7.5, rather good = 7.7, rather bad & very bad = 8.0.