Table 1.
Stylopodial scaling in mammals and non-avian reptiles.
| Analysis (x vs. y) |
Sample | N | m | m 95% CI | b | 95% +CI | R2 | Sim. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LF vs. CF | All | 234 | 1.0301 | 1.0616 to 0.9996 | -0.6020 | -0.542 to -0.6619 | 0.9459 | G |
| Mammalia | 188 | 1.0332 | 1.0677 to 0.9999 | -0.6148 | -0.5469 to -0.6827 | 0.9484 | G | |
| Reptilia | 46 | 1.1751 | 1.3184 to 1.0474 | -0.8115 | -0.5884 to -1.0347 | 0.8560 | > G, < E | |
| Ungulata | 32 | 1.2014 | 1.3338 to 1.0821 | -0.9810 | -0.6676 to -1.2943 | 0.9211 | > G, < E | |
| Carnivora | 46 | 0.9840 | 1.0888 to 0.8893 | -0.5409 | -0.3317 to -0.75 | 0.8887 | G | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 1.0774 | 1.1467 to 1.0123 | -0.7317 | -0.6057 to -0.8577 | 0.9902 | > G, < E | |
| Euarchonta | 14 | 1.0251 | 1.2141 to 0.8656 | -0.7382 | -0.3835 to -1.0929 | 0.9269 | G | |
| Glires | 66 | 0.9542 | 1.0334 to 0.8811 | -0.4716 | -0.3454 to -0.5979 | 0.8978 | G | |
| LH vs. CH | All | 234 | 1.0644 | 1.0971 to 1.0326 | -0.6229 | -0.5626 to -0.6831 | 0.9452 | > G, < E |
| Mammalia | 187 | 1.0603 | 1.0967 to 1.0252 | -0.6199 | -0.5511 to -0.6887 | 0.9459 | > G, < E | |
| Reptilia | 47 | 1.2190 | 1.3355 to 1.1126 | -0.8536 | -0.6724 to -1.0348 | 0.9072 | > G, < E | |
| Ungulata | 32 | 1.3083 | 1.4325 to 1.1949 | -1.1391 | -0.8529 to -1.4254 | 0.9407 | > G, < E | |
| Carnivora | 46 | 1.0814 | 1.1777 to 0.9929 | -0.7101 | -0.5193 to -0.9009 | 0.9209 | G | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 1.0472 | 1.187 to 0.9238 | -0.6059 | -0.3774 to -0.8343 | 0.9601 | G | |
| Euarchonta | 14 | 0.9175 | 1.0816 to 0.7782 | -0.4785 | -0.1826 to -0.7744 | 0.9309 | G | |
| Glires | 66 | 0.9296 | 0.9931 to 0.8702 | -0.4116 | -0.3166 to -0.5066 | 0.9300 | G | |
| LF vs. BM | All | 234 | 2.9307 | 3.0323 to 2.8325 | -2.1677 | -1.9744 to -2.3611 | 0.9306 | G |
| Mammalia | 188 | 2.9930 | 3.0974 to 2.8922 | -2.3410 | -2.1359 to -2.5461 | 0.9439 | G | |
| Reptilia | 46 | 3.2500 | 3.7486 to 2.8177 | -2.4800 | -1.7132 to -3.2468 | 0.7778 | G | |
| Ungulata | 32 | 3.4979 | 3.8785 to 3.1545 | -3.4591 | -2.5578 to -4.3603 | 0.9230 | > G, < E | |
| Carnivora | 46 | 2.7472 | 3.0791 to 2.451 | -1.8012 | -1.1427 to -2.4597 | 0.8584 | G | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 2.9980 | 3.4286 to 2.6215 | -2.4690 | -1.7121 to -3.2258 | 0.9542 | G | |
| Euarchonta | 14 | 3.0622 | 3.7695 to 2.4877 | -2.9486 | -1.6443 to -4.253 | 0.8893 | G | |
| Glires | 66 | 2.7702 | 2.9779 to 2.5769 | -1.9621 | -1.6297 to -2.2944 | 0.9160 | 0 | |
| CF vs. BM | All | 247 | 2.8479 | 2.8997 to 2.7969 | -0.4587 | -0.3845 to -0.5328 | 0.9794 | < G, > E |
| Mammalia | 200 | 2.8977 | 2.9504 to 2.8459 | -0.5615 | -0.4829 to -0.64 | 0.9834 | < G, > E | |
| Reptilia | 47 | 2.7943 | 2.9801 to 2.6201 | -0.2653 | -0.057 to -0.4736 | 0.9540 | E | |
| Ungulata | 41 | 2.9204 | 3.1192 to 2.7344 | -0.6173 | -0.232 to -1.0027 | 0.9586 | G | |
| Carnivora | 48 | 2.7893 | 2.9182 to 2.6661 | -0.2895 | -0.0946 to -0.4844 | 0.9768 | E | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 2.7827 | 3.1222 to 2.4801 | -0.4328 | -0.0138 to -0.8518 | 0.9664 | G, E, S | |
| Euarchonta | 15 | 2.9728 | 3.1874 to 2.7727 | -0.7271 | -0.4393 to -1.0149 | 0.9864 | G | |
| Glires | 66 | 2.9031 | 3.084 to 2.7328 | -0.5929 | -0.3965 to -0.7893 | 0.9413 | G | |
| LH vs. BM | All | 234 | 2.8653 | 2.9489 to 2.7841 | -1.8284 | -1.6745 to -1.9823 | 0.9506 | 0 |
| Mammalia | 187 | 2.8626 | 2.9522 to 2.7756 | -1.8476 | -1.6778 to -2.0175 | 0.9548 | 0 | |
| Reptilia | 47 | 3.3718 | 3.704 to 3.0694 | -2.5472 | -2.0315 to -3.0629 | 0.9018 | > G, < E | |
| Ungulata | 32 | 3.4092 | 3.8036 to 3.0558 | -2.9639 | -2.0630 to -3.8648 | 0.9135 | > G, < E | |
| Carnivora | 46 | 2.8202 | 3.0641 to 2.5957 | -1.8667 | -1.3831 to -2.3503 | 0.9253 | G | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 3.1988 | 3.6508 to 2.8027 | -2.3972 | -1.6611 to -3.1333 | 0.9556 | G | |
| Euarchonta | 14 | 2.5359 | 2.9736 to 2.1627 | -1.6484 | -0.8577 to -2.4391 | 0.9354 | 0 | |
| Glires | 66 | 2.6071 | 2.766 to 2.4573 | -1.3946 | -1.1559 to -1.6332 | 0.9438 | 0 | |
| CH vs. BM | All | 247 | 2.6861 | 2.7322 to 2.6406 | -0.1438 | -0.0788 to -0.2087 | 0.9816 | E |
| Mammalia | 200 | 2.6938 | 2.7445 to 2.6439 | -0.1655 | -0.0913 to -0.2398 | 0.9823 | E | |
| Reptilia | 47 | 2.7661 | 2.9296 to 2.6117 | -0.1862 | -0.0049 to -0.3675 | 0.9634 | E | |
| Ungulata | 41 | 2.5273 | 2.7222 to 2.3464 | 0.1672 | 0.544 to -0.2097 | 0.9473 | E | |
| Carnivora | 48 | 2.5959 | 2.7027 to 2.4933 | -0.0012 | 0.1613 to -0.1637 | 0.9815 | E, S | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 3.0547 | 3.4219 to 2.7269 | -0.5465 | -0.1208 to -0.9721 | 0.9673 | G | |
| Euarchonta | 15 | 2.7558 | 2.9725 to 2.5548 | -0.3168 | -0.0345 to -0.5992 | 0.9840 | E | |
| Glires | 66 | 2.8045 | 2.9447 to 2.671 | -0.2403 | -0.0986 to -0.3819 | 0.9618 | < G, > E | |
| LF vs. LH | All | 233 | 1.0246 | 1.0469 to 1.0027 | -0.1206 | -0.0778 to -0.1634 | 0.9723 | - |
| Mammalia | 187 | 1.0450 | 1.0682 to 1.0223 | -0.1707 | -0.1248 to -0.2166 | 0.9771 | - | |
| Reptilia | 46 | 0.9644 | 1.0644 to 0.8739 | 0.0190 | 0.176 to -0.1379 | 0.8943 | - | |
| Ungulata | 32 | 1.0260 | 1.107 to 0.9509 | -0.1452 | 0.0491 to -0.3395 | 0.9584 | - | |
| Carnivora | 46 | 0.9741 | 1.0283 to 0.9227 | 0.0232 | 0.1338 to -0.0874 | 0.9682 | - | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 0.9372 | 1.1182 to 0.7856 | -0.0224 | 0.2894 to -0.3344 | 0.9204 | - | |
| Euarchonta | 14 | 1.2075 | 1.4238 to 1.0241 | -0.5127 | -0.106 to -0.9195 | 0.9307 | - | |
| Glires | 66 | 1.0625 | 1.1019 to 1.0246 | -0.2177 | -0.1536 to -0.2818 | 0.9788 | - | |
| CH+F vs. BM | All | 247 | 2.7779 | 2.8191 to 2.7374 | -1.1564 | -1.086 to -1.2267 | 0.9863 | - |
| Mammalia | 200 | 2.8071 | 2.8495 to 2.7654 | -1.2289 | -1.1541 to -1.3037 | 0.9886 | - | |
| Reptilia | 47 | 2.7933 | 2.9496 to 2.6452 | -1.0833 | -0.8636 to -1.3031 | 0.9671 | - | |
| Ungulata | 41 | 2.7319 | 2.8959 to 2.5773 | -1.0660 | -0.6989 to -1.4331 | 0.9676 | - | |
| Carnivora | 48 | 2.6921 | 2.7969 to 2.5911 | -0.9568 | -0.7669 to -1.1466 | 0.9834 | - | |
| Marsupialia | 14 | 2.9125 | 3.1855 to 2.6628 | -1.3738 | -0.9658 to -1.7817 | 0.9797 | - | |
| Euarchonta | 15 | 2.8692 | 3.0561 to 2.6937 | -1.3928 | -1.0911 to -1.6946 | 0.9889 | - | |
| Glires | 66 | 2.8850 | 3.0113 to 2.764 | -1.3260 | -1.1561 to -1.4960 | 0.9705 | - | |
Standardized Major Axis equation shown in the format y = mx + b. The particular theoretical scaling model (Sim.) followed by the slope is represented by G, geometric similarity, E, elastic similarity, or S, static similarity. Scaling patterns that fall between models are represented by > or <, and those that do not follow any pattern (that is, above or below all predicted models) are represented by a 0. BM, body mass; CF, femoral circumference; CH, humeral circumference; CH+F, total humeral and femoral circumference; CI, confidence interval; LF, femoral length; LH, humeral length.