Table 1.

Descriptive Characteristics of the Sample (n = 672)

	M ± SD (range) or %
Variable	Individuals with diabetes (n = 133)	Individuals without diabetes (n = 539)	t (χ2)
Age	71.2 ± 6.49 (60–91)	70.6 ± 7.36 (60–98)	−1.22
Gender (female)	55.2	56.1	(.06)
Marital status (not married)	32.9	28.5	(1.65)
Education (≥ high school)	64.5	71.5	(4.27*)
Perceived financial status (below average)	20.5	18.2	(.36)
Length of stay in the U.S.	26.4 ± 10.7 (1–50)	26.4 ± 11.4 (1–54)	.02
Medical comorbidity	1.67 ± 1.34 (0–8)	1.18 ± 1.10 (0–6)	−5.59***
Functional disability	2.95 ± 5.96 (0–36)	1.78 ± 4.34 (0–40)	−3.30**
Health perceptions	7.23 ± 1.69 (4–11)	6.31 ± 1.70 (3–11)	−7.30***
Depressive symptoms	4.80 ± 3.81 (0–15)	4.05 ± 3.52 (0–15)	−2.70**

^*p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^***p < .001