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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2011 Dec 9;64(8):756–762. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.009

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Strategies for improving ACT to treat human cancer. Shown are the potential ways to facilitate engraftment, persistence, and activity of adoptively transferred TCR gene-modified cells (see text for details). To potentially lessen T cell anergy, antibodies to CTLA-4 or PD-1 could be co-administered with TCR gene-engineered T cells. In addition TCR gene engineering, T cells could be further modified to resist apoptosis, to preferentially migrate to tumors, or to be resistant to inhibitory factors at the tumor environment and to deliver inflammatory cytokines to tumor site. DN-TGFβR indicates dominant-negative TGFβ receptor; CCR, chemokine receptor; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; Treg, T regulatory cell.