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A model of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent HDAC4 nuclear-cytoplasmic relocation controlling chondrocyte differentiation. In proliferating chondrocytes, HDAC4 inhibits the expression of RunX2 in the nucleus, which represses differentiation. In the prehypertrophic chondrocytes, HDAC4 is phosphorylated by CaMKIV and relocates and binds to 14-3-3 protein in the cytoplasm. Cytosolic accumulation of HDAC4 increases RunX2 expression resulting in chondrocyte differentiation.
